{"content_id":"8lh8hfhmpj","slug":"park-je-ga-gyujanggak-appointment-bukhagui-meaning","locale":"en","schema_type":"Article","category":"knowledge_base","category_name":"Knowledge Base","title":"Park Je-ga: Seo-eol Book Examiner and Bukhagui's Meaning","summary":"Park Je-ga was appointed a book examiner at Kyujanggak in 1779, but discrimination against seo-eol did not disappear. Bukhagui, based on his 1778 diplomatic mission to Qing China, proposed improvements to everyday technologies and economic institutions.","sponsorship_disclosure":null,"affiliate_disclosure":null,"commerce_disclosure":null,"author":{"name":"Injoys Editorial Team","url":"https://injoys.com/ko/about"},"key_points":["Park Je-ga's appointment as a Kyujanggak book examiner in 1779 expanded opportunities for seo-eol scholars to hold government office.","The writing of Bukhagui grew out of his 1778 diplomatic mission to Qing China, before his appointment as a book examiner.","Alongside improvements to production methods, Park Je-ga emphasized commerce, distribution, and overseas trade.","The opportunity to submit reform proposals to the king did not mean they were all implemented as policy.","Bukhagui shows both ideas for improving daily life in late Joseon and the intellectual limits of that era."],"content_markdown":"Pak Je-ga was appointed a proofreader at the Kyujanggak in 1779 despite restrictions on seoeol entering government service. A path opened for his scholarship, but discrimination based on birth remained. *Bukhagui*, written after his 1778 mission to Qing, is remembered as a set of reform proposals aimed at improving ordinary people’s lives.\n\nThis article follows the *Bukhagui* records in the Korean History Database, checked in October 2026.\n\n## The restrictions faced by a scholar born seoeol\n\nBeing seoeol limited access to government office regardless of scholarly ability. Seoeol refers to descendants born to concubines. In Joseon, the system distinguished between legitimate sons and seoeol.\n\nBorn in 1750, he was the son of a concubine of Royal Secretary Pak Pyeong. His pen name was Chojeong, and he showed talent in poetry, calligraphy, and painting. His literary work is also preserved in *Jeongyujip* and *Jeongyusigo*. Basic facts about his life can be found in the [Encyclopedia of Korean Culture’s “Pak Je-ga” entry](https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0021136).\n\nScholarly relationships also formed outside official institutions. His exchanges with Pak Ji-won, Hong Dae-yong, Yi Deok-mu, and Yu Deuk-gong formed their basis. The Northern Learning school refers to intellectuals who sought to learn from Qing scholarship and culture and apply them in Joseon.\n\n## What did Pak Je-ga’s appointment as a Kyujanggak proofreader change?\n\n**His appointment in 1779** opened an opportunity to put his scholarship to work in state publishing projects. King Jeongjo also appointed Yi Deok-mu, Yu Deuk-gong, and Seo I-su as proofreaders. It was one example of a policy to appoint seoeol scholars to government posts.\n\nProofreaders assisted the Kyujanggak’s senior officials. Their practical duties included editing and publishing books. In this post, Pak Je-ga also gained opportunities to convey his views to the king.\n\nThe proofreader post, however, was a junior position at the Kyujanggak. Appointing some talented individuals did not mean equal treatment for all seoeol. Both the opportunities and the limits appear in [Our History Net’s explanation of *Bukhagui*](https://contents.history.go.kr/mobile/ts/view.do?levelId=ts_b04).\n\n| Category | What changed | What remained limited |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Government service | Seoeol scholars took part in Kyujanggak work | Discrimination based on birth continued |\n| Scholarship | Access to the book collection and publishing projects | The status of a junior assistant |\n| Policy proposals | Reform proposals could be presented to the king | A proposal did not necessarily mean adoption |\n\n## Timeline of missions to Qing and government service\n\nPak Je-ga began writing *Bukhagui* before his appointment as a proofreader. A mission to Qing meant travel by an envoy’s party to and from the Qing capital. The timeline below distinguishes the sequence of his writing and government work.\n\n| Year | Event | Source |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 1750 | Born seoeol | Encyclopedia of Korean Culture, “Pak Je-ga” |\n| 1778 | Wrote *Bukhagui* after his first mission to Qing | *Bukhagui*, “Preface to Bukhagui”; Our History Net, “Bukhagui” |\n| 1779 | Appointed a Kyujanggak proofreader | Our History Net’s explanation of *Bukhagui* |\n| 1786 | Submitted a statement of his views containing reform plans to King Jeongjo | Our History Net, “Pak Je-ga” |\n| 1790 | Took part in two missions to Qing | Encyclopedia of Korean Culture, “Pak Je-ga” |\n| 1801 | Exiled to Jongseong after his last mission to Qing when he became implicated in a seditious letter incident | Our History Net, “Pak Je-ga” |\n| 1805 | Died | Encyclopedia of Korean Culture, “Pak Je-ga” |\n\nHe made four missions to Qing in all. They also gave him opportunities to meet Qing scholars and artists. Accounts differ on the year his exile ended, so it is omitted from the timeline.\n\n## Why Pak Je-ga wrote Bukhagui\n\nPak Je-ga wrote *Bukhagui* to find ways to apply what he had seen to life in Joseon. The culture and practices he observed on his first mission to Qing in 1778 were his starting point. The preface also records that Yi Deok-mu accompanied him.\n\n\u003e I recorded in the book those customs that could be put into practice in our country and would be useful in daily life.\n\u003e\n\u003e Pak Je-ga, *Bukhagui*, “Preface to Bukhagui”\n\nThis passage shows how he chose what to record. His criteria were whether something could be put into practice in Joseon and whether it would help in daily life. The preface also says that he wrote about the benefits of adopting these practices and the problems caused by not doing so. The passage can be checked against the [original text of “Preface to Bukhagui” in the Korean History Database](https://db.history.go.kr/modern/level.do?levelId=sa_015_0100_0010).\n\nThe book’s title came from the words of Chen Liang in *Mencius*. Northern Learning later came to refer to an intellectual movement that sought lessons in Qing culture and institutions. Its aim was to address poverty and institutional problems in Joseon.\n\n### Differences between the Inner Section, Outer Section, and Jinso edition\n\nPak Je-ga continued to add to and revise *Bukhagui* after writing it. The Inner and Outer Sections differ in the kinds of subjects they emphasize. The Jinso edition was a version expanded with agricultural material for presentation to the king.\n\n| Section | Main contents | Focus when reading |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Inner Section | Carts, ships, housing, markets, household goods | Improving everyday tools and facilities |\n| Outer Section | Agricultural techniques, selection of talented people, justification for Northern Learning | Reforming production and institutions |\n| Jinso edition | Expanded material on agriculture and the distribution of produce | Reform plans presented to the king |\n\n## Why he discussed carts, markets, and Western technology together\n\nHe believed that poverty could be reduced by improving both everyday technology and the distribution of goods. The idea was called *iyong husaeng*: using tools and institutions effectively to make life more prosperous.\n\n| Area of proposal | Specific interests | Intended effect |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Transport | Carts, boats, roads, bridges | Moving produce to where it was needed |\n| Production | Farm tools and agricultural techniques | Improving farming methods |\n| Commerce | Expanding markets and trade | Encouraging trade in produce |\n| Consumption | Use of needed goods | Sustaining and developing production and technology |\n| Learning technology | Books, dispatching personnel, inviting experts | Acquiring and spreading technical knowledge |\n\nHis argument about consumption assumed a relationship with production. The reasoning was that if people did not use goods, the skills needed to make them would be hard to sustain. It cannot be turned into advice that people today should simply consume more.\n\nTo bring in technology, he proposed obtaining books and studying them. He also considered sending specialists to Qing to learn. He went so far as to propose inviting Western missionaries working in Qing. These plans are summarized in [*New History of Korea*’s discussion of proposals to introduce Western technology](https://contents.history.go.kr/mobile/nh/view.do?levelId=nh_035_0030_0040_0030_0040).\n\n## The outcome of his reform proposals and his surviving writings\n\nNot all his reform proposals were accepted after he entered government service. In 1786, he submitted policy proposals connected to *Bukhagui*. Our History Net explains that the proposals were not accepted at the time.\n\nPolitical risks also grew after King Jeongjo’s death. In 1801, he was exiled to Jongseong after becoming implicated in a seditious letter incident. He died in 1805.\n\nThe influence of his writings lasted longer than his government career. *Bukhagui* was cited in *Oju Yeonmun Jangjeon Sango* and *Imwon Gyeongjeji*. This later use is described by [Our History Net’s “Pak Je-ga” entry](https://contents.history.go.kr/front/kc/printViewPopup.do?levelId=kc_n304300).\n\nA separate trace of his artistic exchanges also survives. In 1790, the Qing painter Luo Pin (羅聘) painted his portrait. The Chusa Museum in Gwacheon presents a black-and-white photograph of the portrait. Its [description of the museum item](https://www.gccity.go.kr/chusamuseum/ownRelic/view.do?idx=232\u0026mId=0401000000) distinguishes the photograph from the location of the original work.\n\n## How to distinguish writing, appointment, and implementation\n\nThe existence of a book and an appointment to office do not, by themselves, prove that a policy was implemented. Each event provides evidence for a different question. Keeping them distinct helps explain his achievements without overstating them.\n\n| Confirmed fact | What it establishes | Claim requiring separate evidence |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Recorded reform plans in a book | The author’s concerns and proposals | That the state implemented them |\n| Appointed as a proofreader | Gained an opportunity to serve in government | That all discrimination against seoeol was abolished |\n| Submitted proposals to the king | Had a channel for proposing policy | That the proposals were approved |\n| Cited in later writings | Knowledge and ideas were passed on | That they directly caused institutional change |\n\nThis table sets out guidelines for interpretation drawn from comparing the timeline with the records. The order of writing in 1778 and appointment in 1779 is part of that distinction. Saying that he first developed his reform ideas after his appointment would reverse the sequence.\n\n## Records and interpretation\n\nRecords left by Pak Je-ga himself should be distinguished from assessments in later research. The preface is evidence of his stated purpose in writing the book. Other records are needed to determine whether that purpose was realized across society.\n\n### What the original text says directly\n\n“Preface to Bukhagui” states that its purpose was to record cultural practices and institutions that could be applied in Joseon. It also explains that the book’s title came from *Mencius*. This record alone cannot establish the policy effects of his reform proposals.\n\n### Assessments shared by historical accounts\n\nMajor historical accounts treat him as a leading practical-learning scholar of the Northern Learning school. Central to that assessment is his view of commerce and distribution as ways to improve daily life. They do not, however, describe him as someone who completely broke with a Confucian worldview.\n\nOur History Net’s “Bukhagui” also emphasizes his understanding of Chinese civilization. The cultural practices and institutions he believed had survived in Qing were subjects for study. This calls for caution about equating his views directly with a modern call for openness. This perspective appears in [Korean History Chronology’s “Bukhagui” entry](https://contents.history.go.kr/mobile/kc/view.do?levelId=kc_r300600).\n\n### Points where assessments differ or further checking is needed\n\nThere are also critical assessments of whether his plans to introduce technology were feasible. *New History of Korea* notes that separating technology from missionary work was not straightforward. The Encyclopedia of Korean Culture’s “Northern Learning” entry also discusses limitations in his proposed methods of introduction. The ambition of his proposals and their feasibility therefore need to be assessed separately. [Encyclopedia of Korean Culture, “Northern Learning”](https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0024783)\n\nAccounts differ on the year his exile ended. Our History Net’s “Pak Je-ga” gives 1804. The Encyclopedia of Korean Culture’s “Pak Je-ga” gives 1805. Resolving the difference requires a separate comparison with original records; it should not be assumed to be a scholarly dispute.\n\n## What this means for readers today\n\nThis case shows that appointing talented people and reforming institutions are different matters. Opening a government post to one person could leave discrimination based on birth intact. Having an opportunity to propose a policy was also not the same as having the authority to carry it out.\n\n*Bukhagui* also links everyday tools with economic institutions. In discussing carts, Pak Je-ga considered the movement of goods. In discussing the study of technology, he also planned for knowledge to spread within Joseon. These connections reveal the concrete shape of late Joseon reform proposals.\n\n## Frequently asked questions\n\n### Did discrimination against seoeol end when he became a proofreader?\n\nDiscrimination against seoeol as a whole was not abolished. His appointment was a case in which some scholars gained a path into government service. The junior, assisting status of the proofreader post must also be considered.\n\n### Was Bukhagui written after his appointment?\n\nHe began writing it before his appointment as a proofreader. His first mission to Qing was in 1778. He was appointed a proofreader in 1779.\n\n### Did his emphasis on commerce mean he neglected agriculture?\n\nImproving agricultural production was also a major concern. He discussed farm tools, fertilizer, and agricultural techniques. He also considered how produce was transported and traded.\n\n### Is Bukhagui a collection of policies that were implemented?\n\nIt is a work containing observations and reform proposals. The fact that proposals were recorded does not prove they were implemented. Whether they were adopted must be checked in the records for each policy.","content_html":"\u003cp\u003ePak Je-ga was appointed a proofreader at the Kyujanggak in 1779 despite restrictions on seoeol entering government service. A path opened for his scholarship, but discrimination based on birth remained. \u003cem\u003eBukhagui\u003c/em\u003e, written after his 1778 mission to Qing, is remembered as a set of reform proposals aimed at improving ordinary people’s lives.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis article follows the \u003cem\u003eBukhagui\u003c/em\u003e records in the Korean History Database, checked in October 2026.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#the-restrictions-faced-by-a-scholar-born-seoeol\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"the-restrictions-faced-by-a-scholar-born-seoeol\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eThe restrictions faced by a scholar born seoeol\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBeing seoeol limited access to government office regardless of scholarly ability. Seoeol refers to descendants born to concubines. In Joseon, the system distinguished between legitimate sons and seoeol.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBorn in 1750, he was the son of a concubine of Royal Secretary Pak Pyeong. His pen name was Chojeong, and he showed talent in poetry, calligraphy, and painting. His literary work is also preserved in \u003cem\u003eJeongyujip\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eJeongyusigo\u003c/em\u003e. Basic facts about his life can be found in the \u003ca href=\"https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0021136\"\u003eEncyclopedia of Korean Culture’s “Pak Je-ga” entry\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eScholarly relationships also formed outside official institutions. His exchanges with Pak Ji-won, Hong Dae-yong, Yi Deok-mu, and Yu Deuk-gong formed their basis. The Northern Learning school refers to intellectuals who sought to learn from Qing scholarship and culture and apply them in Joseon.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#what-did-pak-je-gas-appointment-as-a-kyujanggak-proofreader-change\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"what-did-pak-je-gas-appointment-as-a-kyujanggak-proofreader-change\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eWhat did Pak Je-ga’s appointment as a Kyujanggak proofreader change?\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHis appointment in 1779\u003c/strong\u003e opened an opportunity to put his scholarship to work in state publishing projects. King Jeongjo also appointed Yi Deok-mu, Yu Deuk-gong, and Seo I-su as proofreaders. It was one example of a policy to appoint seoeol scholars to government posts.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eProofreaders assisted the Kyujanggak’s senior officials. Their practical duties included editing and publishing books. In this post, Pak Je-ga also gained opportunities to convey his views to the king.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe proofreader post, however, was a junior position at the Kyujanggak. Appointing some talented individuals did not mean equal treatment for all seoeol. Both the opportunities and the limits appear in \u003ca href=\"https://contents.history.go.kr/mobile/ts/view.do?levelId=ts_b04\"\u003eOur History Net’s explanation of \u003cem\u003eBukhagui\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"overflow-x-auto\"\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eCategory\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eWhat changed\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eWhat remained limited\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Category\"\u003eGovernment service\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"What changed\"\u003eSeoeol scholars took part in Kyujanggak work\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"What remained limited\"\u003eDiscrimination based on birth continued\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Category\"\u003eScholarship\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"What changed\"\u003eAccess to the book collection and publishing projects\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"What remained limited\"\u003eThe status of a junior assistant\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Category\"\u003ePolicy proposals\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"What changed\"\u003eReform proposals could be presented to the king\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"What remained limited\"\u003eA proposal did not necessarily mean adoption\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#timeline-of-missions-to-qing-and-government-service\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"timeline-of-missions-to-qing-and-government-service\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eTimeline of missions to Qing and government service\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePak Je-ga began writing \u003cem\u003eBukhagui\u003c/em\u003e before his appointment as a proofreader. A mission to Qing meant travel by an envoy’s party to and from the Qing capital. The timeline below distinguishes the sequence of his writing and government work.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"overflow-x-auto\"\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eYear\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eEvent\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eSource\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Year\"\u003e1750\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Event\"\u003eBorn seoeol\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Source\"\u003eEncyclopedia of Korean Culture, “Pak Je-ga”\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Year\"\u003e1778\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Event\"\u003eWrote \u003cem\u003eBukhagui\u003c/em\u003e after his first mission to Qing\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Source\"\u003e\n\u003cem\u003eBukhagui\u003c/em\u003e, “Preface to Bukhagui”; Our History Net, “Bukhagui”\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Year\"\u003e1779\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Event\"\u003eAppointed a Kyujanggak proofreader\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Source\"\u003eOur History Net’s explanation of \u003cem\u003eBukhagui\u003c/em\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Year\"\u003e1786\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Event\"\u003eSubmitted a statement of his views containing reform plans to King Jeongjo\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Source\"\u003eOur History Net, “Pak Je-ga”\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Year\"\u003e1790\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Event\"\u003eTook part in two missions to Qing\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Source\"\u003eEncyclopedia of Korean Culture, “Pak Je-ga”\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Year\"\u003e1801\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Event\"\u003eExiled to Jongseong after his last mission to Qing when he became implicated in a seditious letter incident\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Source\"\u003eOur History Net, “Pak Je-ga”\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Year\"\u003e1805\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Event\"\u003eDied\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Source\"\u003eEncyclopedia of Korean Culture, “Pak Je-ga”\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHe made four missions to Qing in all. They also gave him opportunities to meet Qing scholars and artists. Accounts differ on the year his exile ended, so it is omitted from the timeline.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#why-pak-je-ga-wrote-bukhagui\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"why-pak-je-ga-wrote-bukhagui\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eWhy Pak Je-ga wrote Bukhagui\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePak Je-ga wrote \u003cem\u003eBukhagui\u003c/em\u003e to find ways to apply what he had seen to life in Joseon. The culture and practices he observed on his first mission to Qing in 1778 were his starting point. The preface also records that Yi Deok-mu accompanied him.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eI recorded in the book those customs that could be put into practice in our country and would be useful in daily life.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePak Je-ga, \u003cem\u003eBukhagui\u003c/em\u003e, “Preface to Bukhagui”\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis passage shows how he chose what to record. His criteria were whether something could be put into practice in Joseon and whether it would help in daily life. The preface also says that he wrote about the benefits of adopting these practices and the problems caused by not doing so. The passage can be checked against the \u003ca href=\"https://db.history.go.kr/modern/level.do?levelId=sa_015_0100_0010\"\u003eoriginal text of “Preface to Bukhagui” in the Korean History Database\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe book’s title came from the words of Chen Liang in \u003cem\u003eMencius\u003c/em\u003e. Northern Learning later came to refer to an intellectual movement that sought lessons in Qing culture and institutions. Its aim was to address poverty and institutional problems in Joseon.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#differences-between-the-inner-section-outer-section-and-jinso-edition\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"differences-between-the-inner-section-outer-section-and-jinso-edition\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eDifferences between the Inner Section, Outer Section, and Jinso edition\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePak Je-ga continued to add to and revise \u003cem\u003eBukhagui\u003c/em\u003e after writing it. The Inner and Outer Sections differ in the kinds of subjects they emphasize. The Jinso edition was a version expanded with agricultural material for presentation to the king.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"overflow-x-auto\"\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eSection\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eMain contents\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eFocus when reading\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Section\"\u003eInner Section\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Main contents\"\u003eCarts, ships, housing, markets, household goods\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Focus when reading\"\u003eImproving everyday tools and facilities\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Section\"\u003eOuter Section\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Main contents\"\u003eAgricultural techniques, selection of talented people, justification for Northern Learning\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Focus when reading\"\u003eReforming production and institutions\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Section\"\u003eJinso edition\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Main contents\"\u003eExpanded material on agriculture and the distribution of produce\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Focus when reading\"\u003eReform plans presented to the king\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#why-he-discussed-carts-markets-and-western-technology-together\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"why-he-discussed-carts-markets-and-western-technology-together\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eWhy he discussed carts, markets, and Western technology together\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHe believed that poverty could be reduced by improving both everyday technology and the distribution of goods. The idea was called \u003cem\u003eiyong husaeng\u003c/em\u003e: using tools and institutions effectively to make life more prosperous.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"overflow-x-auto\"\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eArea of proposal\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eSpecific interests\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eIntended effect\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Area of proposal\"\u003eTransport\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Specific interests\"\u003eCarts, boats, roads, bridges\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Intended effect\"\u003eMoving produce to where it was needed\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Area of proposal\"\u003eProduction\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Specific interests\"\u003eFarm tools and agricultural techniques\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Intended effect\"\u003eImproving farming methods\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Area of proposal\"\u003eCommerce\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Specific interests\"\u003eExpanding markets and trade\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Intended effect\"\u003eEncouraging trade in produce\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Area of proposal\"\u003eConsumption\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Specific interests\"\u003eUse of needed goods\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Intended effect\"\u003eSustaining and developing production and technology\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Area of proposal\"\u003eLearning technology\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Specific interests\"\u003eBooks, dispatching personnel, inviting experts\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Intended effect\"\u003eAcquiring and spreading technical knowledge\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHis argument about consumption assumed a relationship with production. The reasoning was that if people did not use goods, the skills needed to make them would be hard to sustain. It cannot be turned into advice that people today should simply consume more.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo bring in technology, he proposed obtaining books and studying them. He also considered sending specialists to Qing to learn. He went so far as to propose inviting Western missionaries working in Qing. These plans are summarized in \u003ca href=\"https://contents.history.go.kr/mobile/nh/view.do?levelId=nh_035_0030_0040_0030_0040\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNew History of Korea\u003c/em\u003e’s discussion of proposals to introduce Western technology\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#the-outcome-of-his-reform-proposals-and-his-surviving-writings\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"the-outcome-of-his-reform-proposals-and-his-surviving-writings\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eThe outcome of his reform proposals and his surviving writings\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot all his reform proposals were accepted after he entered government service. In 1786, he submitted policy proposals connected to \u003cem\u003eBukhagui\u003c/em\u003e. Our History Net explains that the proposals were not accepted at the time.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePolitical risks also grew after King Jeongjo’s death. In 1801, he was exiled to Jongseong after becoming implicated in a seditious letter incident. He died in 1805.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe influence of his writings lasted longer than his government career. \u003cem\u003eBukhagui\u003c/em\u003e was cited in \u003cem\u003eOju Yeonmun Jangjeon Sango\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eImwon Gyeongjeji\u003c/em\u003e. This later use is described by \u003ca href=\"https://contents.history.go.kr/front/kc/printViewPopup.do?levelId=kc_n304300\"\u003eOur History Net’s “Pak Je-ga” entry\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA separate trace of his artistic exchanges also survives. In 1790, the Qing painter Luo Pin (羅聘) painted his portrait. The Chusa Museum in Gwacheon presents a black-and-white photograph of the portrait. Its \u003ca href=\"https://www.gccity.go.kr/chusamuseum/ownRelic/view.do?idx=232\u0026amp;mId=0401000000\"\u003edescription of the museum item\u003c/a\u003e distinguishes the photograph from the location of the original work.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#how-to-distinguish-writing-appointment-and-implementation\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"how-to-distinguish-writing-appointment-and-implementation\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eHow to distinguish writing, appointment, and implementation\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe existence of a book and an appointment to office do not, by themselves, prove that a policy was implemented. Each event provides evidence for a different question. Keeping them distinct helps explain his achievements without overstating them.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"overflow-x-auto\"\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eConfirmed fact\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eWhat it establishes\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eClaim requiring separate evidence\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Confirmed fact\"\u003eRecorded reform plans in a book\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"What it establishes\"\u003eThe author’s concerns and proposals\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Claim requiring separate evidence\"\u003eThat the state implemented them\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Confirmed fact\"\u003eAppointed as a proofreader\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"What it establishes\"\u003eGained an opportunity to serve in government\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Claim requiring separate evidence\"\u003eThat all discrimination against seoeol was abolished\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Confirmed fact\"\u003eSubmitted proposals to the king\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"What it establishes\"\u003eHad a channel for proposing policy\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Claim requiring separate evidence\"\u003eThat the proposals were approved\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Confirmed fact\"\u003eCited in later writings\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"What it establishes\"\u003eKnowledge and ideas were passed on\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Claim requiring separate evidence\"\u003eThat they directly caused institutional change\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis table sets out guidelines for interpretation drawn from comparing the timeline with the records. The order of writing in 1778 and appointment in 1779 is part of that distinction. Saying that he first developed his reform ideas after his appointment would reverse the sequence.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#records-and-interpretation\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"records-and-interpretation\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eRecords and interpretation\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRecords left by Pak Je-ga himself should be distinguished from assessments in later research. The preface is evidence of his stated purpose in writing the book. Other records are needed to determine whether that purpose was realized across society.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#what-the-original-text-says-directly\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"what-the-original-text-says-directly\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eWhat the original text says directly\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e“Preface to Bukhagui” states that its purpose was to record cultural practices and institutions that could be applied in Joseon. It also explains that the book’s title came from \u003cem\u003eMencius\u003c/em\u003e. This record alone cannot establish the policy effects of his reform proposals.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#assessments-shared-by-historical-accounts\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"assessments-shared-by-historical-accounts\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eAssessments shared by historical accounts\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMajor historical accounts treat him as a leading practical-learning scholar of the Northern Learning school. Central to that assessment is his view of commerce and distribution as ways to improve daily life. They do not, however, describe him as someone who completely broke with a Confucian worldview.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOur History Net’s “Bukhagui” also emphasizes his understanding of Chinese civilization. The cultural practices and institutions he believed had survived in Qing were subjects for study. This calls for caution about equating his views directly with a modern call for openness. This perspective appears in \u003ca href=\"https://contents.history.go.kr/mobile/kc/view.do?levelId=kc_r300600\"\u003eKorean History Chronology’s “Bukhagui” entry\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#points-where-assessments-differ-or-further-checking-is-needed\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"points-where-assessments-differ-or-further-checking-is-needed\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003ePoints where assessments differ or further checking is needed\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere are also critical assessments of whether his plans to introduce technology were feasible. \u003cem\u003eNew History of Korea\u003c/em\u003e notes that separating technology from missionary work was not straightforward. The Encyclopedia of Korean Culture’s “Northern Learning” entry also discusses limitations in his proposed methods of introduction. The ambition of his proposals and their feasibility therefore need to be assessed separately. \u003ca href=\"https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0024783\"\u003eEncyclopedia of Korean Culture, “Northern Learning”\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccounts differ on the year his exile ended. Our History Net’s “Pak Je-ga” gives 1804. The Encyclopedia of Korean Culture’s “Pak Je-ga” gives 1805. Resolving the difference requires a separate comparison with original records; it should not be assumed to be a scholarly dispute.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#what-this-means-for-readers-today\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"what-this-means-for-readers-today\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eWhat this means for readers today\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis case shows that appointing talented people and reforming institutions are different matters. Opening a government post to one person could leave discrimination based on birth intact. Having an opportunity to propose a policy was also not the same as having the authority to carry it out.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBukhagui\u003c/em\u003e also links everyday tools with economic institutions. In discussing carts, Pak Je-ga considered the movement of goods. In discussing the study of technology, he also planned for knowledge to spread within Joseon. These connections reveal the concrete shape of late Joseon reform proposals.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#frequently-asked-questions\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"frequently-asked-questions\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eFrequently asked questions\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#did-discrimination-against-seoeol-end-when-he-became-a-proofreader\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"did-discrimination-against-seoeol-end-when-he-became-a-proofreader\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eDid discrimination against seoeol end when he became a proofreader?\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDiscrimination against seoeol as a whole was not abolished. His appointment was a case in which some scholars gained a path into government service. The junior, assisting status of the proofreader post must also be considered.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#was-bukhagui-written-after-his-appointment\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"was-bukhagui-written-after-his-appointment\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eWas Bukhagui written after his appointment?\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHe began writing it before his appointment as a proofreader. His first mission to Qing was in 1778. He was appointed a proofreader in 1779.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#did-his-emphasis-on-commerce-mean-he-neglected-agriculture\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"did-his-emphasis-on-commerce-mean-he-neglected-agriculture\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eDid his emphasis on commerce mean he neglected agriculture?\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eImproving agricultural production was also a major concern. He discussed farm tools, fertilizer, and agricultural techniques. He also considered how produce was transported and traded.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#is-bukhagui-a-collection-of-policies-that-were-implemented\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"is-bukhagui-a-collection-of-policies-that-were-implemented\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eIs Bukhagui a collection of policies that were implemented?\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt is a work containing observations and reform proposals. The fact that proposals were recorded does not prove they were implemented. Whether they were adopted must be checked in the records for each policy.\u003c/p\u003e\n","tags":["Joseon period","Cultural heritage"],"faqs":[{"question":"Who was Bak Je-ga?","answer":"He was a Practical Learning scholar of the late Joseon period, born in 1750 and died in 1805. A leading figure of the Northern Learning school, he wrote Discourse on Northern Learning. He also served as a book examiner at the Gyujanggak."},{"question":"What did a book examiner at the Gyujanggak do?","answer":"The position assisted the gaksin, the Gyujanggak’s key officials. Book examiners handled practical work such as proofreading and publishing books. The position offered opportunities to use scholarly knowledge, but it was a low-ranking government post."},{"question":"Why was Bak Je-ga’s appointment as a book examiner significant?","answer":"It opened a path for seoeol scholars, whose access to government posts was restricted, to participate in state-sponsored scholarly projects. He was selected in 1779 along with Yi Deok-mu, Yu Deuk-gong, and Seo I-su. This does not mean that all discrimination against seoeol was abolished."},{"question":"When did Bak Je-ga begin writing Discourse on Northern Learning?","answer":"He began writing it after returning from his first trip to Qing in 1778. This was before his appointment as a book examiner. He later added to and refined it."},{"question":"What do Northern Learning and iyong husaeng mean?","answer":"Northern Learning refers to a movement that sought to learn from Qing scholarship and culture and apply them in Joseon. Iyong husaeng means making tools and institutions useful to improve people’s lives."},{"question":"Is Discourse on Northern Learning a travel account introducing Qing culture?","answer":"It includes observations from his trip to Qing, but it is not simply a travel account. It presents proposals for reforming life and institutions in Joseon. It also addresses issues such as production techniques, distribution, and the selection of talented people."},{"question":"Did Bak Je-ga also propose adopting Western technology?","answer":"He proposed inviting Western missionaries active in Qing to learn technology from them. He also considered importing books and sending specialists. These proposals should be distinguished from whether they were put into practice."},{"question":"Were all of Bak Je-ga’s reform proposals put into practice?","answer":"No. An explanation on Our History Net says that his reform proposals of 1786 were not accepted. The fact that Discourse on Northern Learning was read by later generations is separate from whether its proposals were implemented as policy."},{"question":"In what year was Bak Je-ga released from exile?","answer":"Our History Net’s “Bak Je-ga” gives 1804. The Encyclopedia of Korean Culture’s “Bak Je-ga” gives 1805. The year of his release needs to be checked against the original records."}],"sources":[{"url":"https://db.history.go.kr/modern/level.do?levelId=sa_015_0100_0010","title":"National Institute of Korean History Korean History Database, 『Bukhagui』, “Preface to Bukhagui”","type":"source"},{"url":"https://contents.history.go.kr/mobile/ts/view.do?levelId=ts_b04","title":"Our History Net Video Book Stories, Bukhagui","type":"source"},{"url":"https://contents.history.go.kr/mobile/kc/view.do?levelId=kc_r300600","title":"Our History Net Korean History Timeline, Bukhagui","type":"source"},{"url":"https://contents.history.go.kr/front/kc/printViewPopup.do?levelId=kc_n304300","title":"Our History Net Korean History Timeline, Park Je-ga","type":"source"},{"url":"https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0021136","title":"Academy of Korean Studies Encyclopedia of Korean Culture, Park Je-ga","type":"source"},{"url":"https://contents.history.go.kr/mobile/nh/view.do?levelId=nh_035_0030_0040_0030_0040","title":"National Institute of Korean History 『New Edition of Korean History』, Park Je-ga’s Proposal to Introduce Western Technology","type":"source"},{"url":"https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0024783","title":"Academy of Korean Studies Encyclopedia of Korean Culture, Northern Learning","type":"source"},{"url":"https://www.gccity.go.kr/chusamuseum/ownRelic/view.do?idx=232\u0026mId=0401000000","title":"Gwacheon City Chusa Museum Collection, Photograph of a Portrait of Park Je-ga","type":"source"}],"images":[{"id":1842,"url":"https://injoys.com/rails/active_storage/blobs/proxy/eyJfcmFpbHMiOnsiZGF0YSI6Mjg0MjUsInB1ciI6ImJsb2JfaWQifX0=--ceed02afdbfa02e4c0abd89380632127a1ef5df5/ai-35491e0f.webp","is_representative":false,"generation_method":"ai_semi","license":"ai_generated","mime_type":"image/webp","width":1536,"height":1024,"translations":{"ko":{"alt":"운하 시장에서 일꾼들이 배에 짐을 싣고 수레가 돌다리를 건너는 모습을 두 여행자가 뒤에서 바라본다.","caption":"박제가는 1778년 연행 경험을 바탕으로 상업과 유통의 개선을 강조했다.","description":null},"en":{"alt":"Workers load boats at a canal market as carts cross a stone bridge and two travelers watch from behind.","caption":"Bak Je-ga’s 1778 journey informed his call to improve commerce and distribution.","description":null},"ja":{"alt":"運河沿いの市場で船に荷を積む人々と石橋を渡る荷車を、後ろ姿の旅人二人が眺める。","caption":"朴斉家は1778年の燕行経験をもとに、商業と流通の改善を説いた。","description":null},"es":{"alt":"Trabajadores cargan barcos en un mercado junto al canal mientras cruzan carros por un puente de piedra y dos viajeros observan.","caption":"El viaje de Bak Je-ga en 1778 inspiró su propuesta de mejorar el comercio y la distribución.","description":null},"id":{"alt":"Pekerja memuat barang ke perahu di pasar tepi kanal; gerobak melintasi jembatan batu dan dua pengelana mengamati.","caption":"Perjalanan Bak Je-ga pada 1778 mendasari gagasannya untuk memperbaiki perdagangan dan distribusi.","description":null},"pt":{"alt":"Trabalhadores carregam barcos num mercado à beira do canal; carroças cruzam uma ponte de pedra e dois viajantes observam.","caption":"A viagem de Bak Je-ga em 1778 inspirou sua proposta de melhorar o comércio e a distribuição.","description":null},"zh-hant":{"alt":"運河邊的市場裡，工人將貨物裝上船，車輛越過石橋，兩名旅人從遠處觀看。","caption":"朴齊家根據1778年的燕行見聞，主張改善商業與流通。","description":null},"de":{"alt":"Arbeiter beladen Boote an einem Kanalmarkt, Karren überqueren eine Steinbrücke und zwei Reisende sehen von hinten zu.","caption":"Bak Je-gas Reise von 1778 prägte seine Forderung nach besserem Handel und Warenverkehr.","description":null}}},{"id":1843,"url":"https://injoys.com/rails/active_storage/blobs/proxy/eyJfcmFpbHMiOnsiZGF0YSI6Mjg0MzEsInB1ciI6ImJsb2JfaWQifX0=--45141e34e4780844eeb1a44a3ed1c678453099b4/ai-ef5dd7d5.webp","is_representative":false,"generation_method":"ai_semi","license":"ai_generated","mime_type":"image/webp","width":1536,"height":1024,"translations":{"ko":{"alt":"궁궐 마당 너머 책이 가득한 규장각에서 학자들이 문서를 살펴보는 역사 삽화","caption":"박제가의 규장각 검서관 임용은 서얼 학자에게 관직 활동의 기회를 넓혔다.","description":null},"en":{"alt":"Scholars examine manuscripts beside bookshelves across a palace courtyard in a historical illustration.","caption":"Park Je-ga’s appointment at the Gyujanggak expanded opportunities for scholars of secondary birth to hold office.","description":null},"ja":{"alt":"宮殿の中庭の向こうにある書庫で、学者たちが書棚のそばで文書を調べる歴史画","caption":"朴斉家の奎章閣検書官への任用は、庶孽出身の学者が官職に就く機会を広げた。","description":null},"es":{"alt":"Ilustración histórica de eruditos que examinan manuscritos junto a estantes, al otro lado de un patio palaciego.","caption":"El nombramiento de Park Je-ga en Gyujanggak amplió las oportunidades de ocupar cargos para los eruditos de origen secundario.","description":null},"id":{"alt":"Ilustrasi sejarah para cendekiawan memeriksa naskah di dekat rak buku, terlihat dari halaman istana.","caption":"Pengangkatan Park Je-ga di Gyujanggak memperluas kesempatan sarjana keturunan selir untuk menduduki jabatan.","description":null},"pt":{"alt":"Ilustração histórica de estudiosos examinando manuscritos junto a estantes, vistos de um pátio palaciano.","caption":"A nomeação de Park Je-ga para o Gyujanggak ampliou as oportunidades de acesso a cargos para estudiosos de origem secundária.","description":null},"zh-hant":{"alt":"歷史插畫中，隔著宮廷庭院可見學者在書架旁翻閱文稿。","caption":"朴齊家的奎章閣檢書官任命，擴大了庶孽出身學者任官的機會。","description":null},"de":{"alt":"Historische Illustration: Gelehrte betrachten Manuskripte an Bücherregalen, gesehen über einen Palasthof.","caption":"Park Je-gas Ernennung am Gyujanggak erweiterte die Amtsmöglichkeiten für Gelehrte niederer Herkunft.","description":null}}}],"published_at":"2026-10-15T06:43:08+09:00","updated_at":"2026-10-15T06:43:08+09:00","license":"cc_by","translation_status":"reviewed","available_locales":["ko","en","ja","es"],"data_locales":["ko","en","ja","es","id","pt","zh-hant","de"],"url":"https://injoys.com/en/articles/park-je-ga-gyujanggak-appointment-bukhagui-meaning"}