{"content_id":"9od5ejedek","slug":"hanawa-hokiichi-life-gunsho-ruiju-compilation","locale":"en","schema_type":"Article","category":"case_study","category_name":"Case Study","title":"Hanawa Hokiichi: Life and the Making of Gunsho Ruiju","summary":"Hanawa Hokiichi lost his sight in childhood, later pursued scholarship, and completed Gunsho Ruiju in 1819. His teacher's instruction, his students' manuscript copying, and the running of his research institute together reveal the conditions that made this achievement possible.","sponsorship_disclosure":null,"affiliate_disclosure":null,"commerce_disclosure":null,"author":{"name":"Injoys Editorial Team","url":"https://injoys.com/ko/about"},"key_points":["Hanawa Hokiichi's pursuit of scholarship took shape in 1761, when his teacher gave him permission.","Gunsho Ruiju is a collection of texts gathered from various regions and organized into 25 categories.","The 666 volumes of the main series of Gunsho Ruiju, completed in 1819, were produced through the collection of source materials and collaborative copying by his students.","Wagaku Kodansho, founded in 1793, was an institute for studying and teaching Japanese history and legal codes.","The 17,244 woodblocks for Gunsho Ruiju were designated an Important Cultural Property of Japan on February 19, 1957."],"content_markdown":"Hanawa Hokiichi (塙保己一) was a blind scholar active during the Edo period. After losing his sight in childhood, he reduced barriers to reading through his teachers' instruction and his students' copying of texts. Gunsho Ruiju (群書類従), completed in 1819, remains an achievement in preserving historical texts.\n\nThis article follows records from Saitama Prefecture and Japan's Agency for Cultural Affairs, checked in October 2026.\n\n## Timeline of Hanawa Hokiichi's Life\n\nHanawa Hokiichi was born in 1746 and died in 1821. His birthplace is now part of Honjo City (本庄市), Saitama Prefecture (埼玉県). His entry into scholarship and the start of his publishing project were separate events.\n\n| Year | Event | Verification source |\n|---|---|---|\n| 1746 | Born in an area now part of Honjo City | Saitama Prefecture biographical timeline |\n| 1752 | Lost his sight due to illness | Saitama Prefecture biographical timeline |\n| 1760 | Went to Edo and became a student of Ametomi Kengyo | Saitama Prefecture biographical timeline |\n| 1761 | Received his teacher's permission to pursue scholarship | Saitama Prefecture biographical timeline |\n| 1769 | Studied under Kamo no Mabuchi | Biography included in Kokugakuin University's collection |\n| 1775 | Used the name Hanawa Hokiichi | Saitama Prefecture biographical timeline |\n| 1779 | Decided to publish Gunsho Ruiju | Saitama Prefecture biographical timeline |\n| 1783 | Rose to kengyo, a rank in an organization for blind people | Saitama Prefecture biographical timeline |\n| 1786 | Put the plan to publish Gunsho Ruiju into action | Saitama Prefecture biographical timeline |\n| 1793 | Founded Wagaku Kodansho | Saitama Prefecture biographical timeline |\n| 1819 | Completed the main series of Gunsho Ruiju | Saitama Prefecture biographical timeline |\n| 1821 | Died in the same year he rose to sokengyo, the organization's highest rank | Saitama Prefecture biographical timeline |\n\nAges in the [Saitama Prefecture timeline](https://www.pref.saitama.lg.jp/a0604/hanawa/hanawahokiichi.html) follow traditional Japanese age reckoning. Under this system, a person is counted as 1 in the year of birth. The stated age of 7 when he lost his sight must therefore not be treated as 7 completed years of age.\n\n## Why Studying Was Difficult After He Lost His Sight\n\nBlindness prevented him from reading written characters by sight. Accessing the contents of books required other people to read aloud and explain them. To continue his studies, he also needed to build relationships through which he could receive that help.\n\nIn Edo, he joined the Todoza (当道座). The Todoza was an occupational organization for blind people. The [Honjo City biographical profile](https://www.city.honjo.lg.jp/soshiki/kyoikuiinkai/bunkazai/tantoujouhou/ijin/hanawahokiichi/introduction/15043.html) also records his advancement within the organization.\n\nAt the time, new members were expected to train in occupations such as music or acupuncture. The reading and scholarship Hokiichi wanted to pursue required separate instruction. This background is documented in the biography included in Kokugakuin University's collection.\n\nHis difficulties therefore cannot be explained by the loss of sight alone. Finding people to read books to him and teachers to instruct him was another challenge. He also needed room to continue his studies alongside occupational training.\n\n## His Teacher's Permission and Scholarly Turning Points\n\nHis teacher's permission in 1761 gave him a foundation for continuing his studies. That teacher was Ametomi Kengyo (雨富検校). Hokiichi subsequently studied waka poetry, Shinto, and other subjects.\n\nIn 1769, he studied under Kamo no Mabuchi (賀茂真淵). Mabuchi was a kokugaku scholar who studied Japan's ancient texts. Kokugaku is the study of Japanese classics, ancient language, culture, and related subjects.\n\nThe [Kamo no Mabuchi Memorial Museum's account](https://www.mabuchi-kinenkan.jp/waka/106.html) shows the breadth of his learning relationships. Instruction from people around him also extended to history and ritsuryo law. Hokiichi's development was not the result of studying under just one teacher.\n\nHis turning points can be distinguished as follows.\n\n| Point in time | What changed |\n|---|---|\n| Entry into scholarship in 1761 | A path opened for study separate from occupational training |\n| Decision to publish in 1779 | Personal reading expanded into a project to preserve historical texts |\n| Establishment of a research institution in 1793 | A place was provided for continued teaching and collaborative research |\n\n## What Kind of Book Is Gunsho Ruiju?\n\nGunsho Ruiju is a collection compiled from many historical texts. It is not a collection of works whose contents Hokiichi wrote entirely himself. Its purpose was to gather scattered records and pass them on.\n\nThe [Saitama Prefecture explanation of Gunsho Ruiju](https://www.pref.saitama.lg.jp/a0604/gunsyo.html) describes its classification and the collaboration involved. The collected texts were divided into 25 categories. The main series, completed in 1819, comprises **666 volumes**.\n\nCollecting the texts required cooperation from people who held the source materials. Hokiichi sometimes traveled to distant places himself to obtain books. His students copied the books he borrowed.\n\nThe compilation can be understood through the following process. These tasks were carried out together over a long period. The sequence below is not a detailed work log for every text.\n\n1. Locate and borrow texts scattered across different regions.\n2. Have students transcribe the texts to create working copies.\n3. Review the contents and correct errors in written characters and other details.\n4. Classify and edit the texts by category.\n5. Make woodblocks and print the texts as books.\n\nHis memory likely helped him use what he learned through readings aloud. But memory alone could not replace collecting and copying materials. The completed books contain the work of many people.\n\n## Wagaku Kodansho and the Foundation for Collaborative Research\n\nWagaku Kodansho (和学講談所) was a research and educational institution founded in 1793. Hokiichi sought to broaden the foundation for research into Japanese history and ritsuryo law. Ritsuryo was a legal system governing state administration, punishments, and other matters at the time.\n\nThe [Saitama Prefecture account of the institution](https://www.pref.saitama.lg.jp/a0604/wagaku.html) explains the background to its establishment. Ancient language and classical literature occupied a large place in kokugaku research at the time. A distinctive feature of the institution was that it provided a place to study history and ritsuryo together.\n\nThe rules included in Hanawa Kengyo Den (塙検校伝) show how collaborative learning worked. They required participants to read and correct designated texts together. During reading sessions, they were to focus on discussion and correction.\n\nThese rules distinguish Hokiichi's scholarship from individual memorization. Reading together was a way to share the contents of texts. Collaborative correction involved examining interpretations and written characters.\n\nMaterials from Wagaku Kodansho were passed down to later generations. Saitama Prefecture explains that they were inherited by the Historiographical Institute at the University of Tokyo. This is an example of an educational institution's materials remaining in use after its founder's death.\n\n## Completion in 1819 and the Project's Continuation After His Death\n\nThe completion in 1819 refers to the main series of Gunsho Ruiju. Zoku Gunsho Ruiju (続群書類従) was a separate follow-up project. This sequel was not completed during Hokiichi's lifetime.\n\nSaitama Prefecture describes the compilation period as 41 years. This matches the count from 1779 through 1819 when both endpoint years are included. It should not be read as 41 full years measured from an exact starting date.\n\nAccounts of 1779 and 1786 also differ in scope depending on the source. The prefectural timeline lists the decision and the implementation of the plan separately. The Agency for Cultural Affairs dates the start of woodblock carving and publication work to 1779.\n\n| Category | What the records establish | Points to keep in mind |\n|---|---|---|\n| Main series of Gunsho Ruiju | Completed in 1819, 666 volumes | This figure does not include the sequel |\n| Zoku Gunsho Ruiju | Unfinished during his lifetime; publication continued after his death | Do not count the entire project as an achievement completed during Hokiichi's lifetime |\n| Woodblock production and publication | The Agency for Cultural Affairs explains that work continued until his death | Do not equate completion of the main series with the end of all work |\n\nAlongside his scholarly activities, he also took part in running the organization. Honjo City lists reform of the Todoza among his achievements. Saitama Prefecture describes his activities to improve the social standing of people with disabilities.\n\n## Why the Woodblocks Remain as Cultural Properties\n\nThe Gunsho Ruiju woodblocks are printing blocks that could be used to print the books repeatedly. Wooden boards carved with characters have survived as a means of reproducing the texts. They show how the books were published as well as what they contained.\n\nThe [Japanese Agency for Cultural Affairs cultural property database](https://kunishitei.bunka.go.jp/heritage/detail/201/10143) lists 17,244 woodblocks. They were designated an Important Cultural Property on **February 19, 1957**. The storage facility is listed as Onko Gakkai (温故学会).\n\nThe Agency for Cultural Affairs explains that it is rare for the woodblocks of a large collected series to survive together. Their preservation value goes beyond their association with a historical figure. They are historical materials that document the publication of texts during the Edo period.\n\n## Records and Interpretation\n\nHokiichi's life needs to be studied with attention to the different types of sources. A timeline produced by a modern institution is not the same kind of record as an old biography. Conversations reported in biographies must also be distinguished from his own firsthand records.\n\n### What the Records Establish\n\nKokugakuin University (國學院大學) resource ID 40395 brings together several records. Among them, Onkodo Hanawa Sensei Den (温故堂塙先生伝) describes his learning process. Hanawa Kengyo Den includes the institution's rules.\n\nThe [Kokugakuin University biographical resource](https://jmapps.ne.jp/kokugakuin/det.html?data_id=40395) is a starting point for checking each record. Statements included in a biography should be treated as that biography's account. They cannot be presented as entries in a diary or letters written by Hokiichi himself.\n\n### Assessments Shared by the Sources and This Article's Interpretation\n\nThe public institutional sources checked here regard the preservation of historical texts as a major achievement. Honjo City explains that Gunsho Ruiju is used in literary and historical research. There is no basis for going further and asserting that the entire scholarly community shares the same assessment.\n\nThe focus on access to education and collaboration is this article's interpretation. It rests on records of teachers' instruction, students' copying, and collaborative correction. It does not suggest that his blindness disappeared.\n\n### Points Requiring Further Verification\n\nThese records cannot measure the precise extent of his memory. The exact wording of particular remarks is also difficult to establish from biographical accounts alone. The sources checked here do not provide grounds for claiming that a separate scholarly debate exists.\n\n- Treat anecdotes about his memory as accounts passed down in identifiable sources.\n- Check the age-reckoning system used in the relevant timeline.\n- Distinguish whether the start of publication means the decision, woodblock carving, or publication itself.\n- Do not arbitrarily convert lunar-calendar dates in historical records to Gregorian dates.\n\n## The Difference Between Preserving Texts and Making Reading Accessible\n\nThe preservation of books and people's ability to read them are separate conditions. In Hokiichi's case, reading aloud and instruction supported his personal reading. Copying and publication created a way for texts to reach other people.\n\nThis distinction is useful when teaching about his life today. Explaining his achievements solely through personal determination leaves out the role of collaboration. Conversely, emphasizing only the support he received obscures his editorial and research work.\n\n| Element found in the records | What it made possible | What it does not explain on its own |\n|---|---|---|\n| Instruction from teachers and people around him | Learning the contents of texts | Long-term preservation of texts |\n| Copying by students | Obtaining copies of borrowed materials | The entire process of checking the accuracy of the contents |\n| Collaborative reading and correction | Reviewing contents and written characters together | Continued publication and storage |\n| Production and preservation of woodblocks | Reprinting the same contents | Access to reading for every reader |\n\nThis table is an interpretation that distinguishes the roles found in the records. It does not mean that systems for educational accessibility today were the same then. Its value lies in asking who read, copied, and reviewed the texts.\n\n## Frequently Asked Questions\n\n### Was Hanawa Hokiichi a Kokugaku Scholar?\n\nHe was a kokugaku scholar who studied Japanese classics and history. He is known for organizing historical texts, including compiling Gunsho Ruiju. He also conducted research and taught at Wagaku Kodansho.\n\n### When Did He Lose His Sight?\n\nThe Saitama Prefecture timeline records that he lost his sight due to illness in 1752. He was 7 under traditional Japanese age reckoning. This must not be carried over directly into the modern system of counting completed years of age.\n\n### Did He Write All 666 Volumes of Gunsho Ruiju Himself?\n\nBecause it was compiled and edited from existing texts, it cannot be regarded as a book he wrote alone. His students copied the borrowed texts. Cooperation from the owners of source materials was also necessary to collect them.\n\n### Why Is the Compilation Said to Have Taken 41 Years?\n\nSaitama Prefecture connects the decision in 1779 with completion in 1819. Counting both endpoint years gives 41 calendar years. This must be distinguished from elapsed time calculated using exact months and days.\n\n### Did He Also Complete Zoku Gunsho Ruiju During His Lifetime?\n\nThe sequel was not completed during Hokiichi's lifetime. Saitama Prefecture explains that the project continued after his death. It is inaccurate to combine the completion dates of the main series and the sequel.\n\n### Why Are the Woodblocks Preserved?\n\nThey are the original blocks used to print Gunsho Ruiju. The Agency for Cultural Affairs considers it rare for the woodblocks of a large collected series to be preserved together. They are materials that allow researchers to study both the contents of the texts and the publishing process.","content_html":"\u003cp\u003eHanawa Hokiichi (塙保己一) was a blind scholar active during the Edo period. After losing his sight in childhood, he reduced barriers to reading through his teachers' instruction and his students' copying of texts. Gunsho Ruiju (群書類従), completed in 1819, remains an achievement in preserving historical texts.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis article follows records from Saitama Prefecture and Japan's Agency for Cultural Affairs, checked in October 2026.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#timeline-of-hanawa-hokiichis-life\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"timeline-of-hanawa-hokiichis-life\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eTimeline of Hanawa Hokiichi's Life\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHanawa Hokiichi was born in 1746 and died in 1821. His birthplace is now part of Honjo City (本庄市), Saitama Prefecture (埼玉県). His entry into scholarship and the start of his publishing project were separate events.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"overflow-x-auto\"\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eYear\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eEvent\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eVerification source\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Year\"\u003e1746\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Event\"\u003eBorn in an area now part of Honjo City\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Verification source\"\u003eSaitama Prefecture biographical timeline\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Year\"\u003e1752\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Event\"\u003eLost his sight due to illness\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Verification source\"\u003eSaitama Prefecture biographical timeline\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Year\"\u003e1760\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Event\"\u003eWent to Edo and became a student of Ametomi Kengyo\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Verification source\"\u003eSaitama Prefecture biographical timeline\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Year\"\u003e1761\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Event\"\u003eReceived his teacher's permission to pursue scholarship\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Verification source\"\u003eSaitama Prefecture biographical timeline\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Year\"\u003e1769\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Event\"\u003eStudied under Kamo no Mabuchi\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Verification source\"\u003eBiography included in Kokugakuin University's collection\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Year\"\u003e1775\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Event\"\u003eUsed the name Hanawa Hokiichi\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Verification source\"\u003eSaitama Prefecture biographical timeline\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Year\"\u003e1779\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Event\"\u003eDecided to publish Gunsho Ruiju\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Verification source\"\u003eSaitama Prefecture biographical timeline\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Year\"\u003e1783\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Event\"\u003eRose to kengyo, a rank in an organization for blind people\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Verification source\"\u003eSaitama Prefecture biographical timeline\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Year\"\u003e1786\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Event\"\u003ePut the plan to publish Gunsho Ruiju into action\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Verification source\"\u003eSaitama Prefecture biographical timeline\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Year\"\u003e1793\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Event\"\u003eFounded Wagaku Kodansho\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Verification source\"\u003eSaitama Prefecture biographical timeline\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Year\"\u003e1819\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Event\"\u003eCompleted the main series of Gunsho Ruiju\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Verification source\"\u003eSaitama Prefecture biographical timeline\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Year\"\u003e1821\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Event\"\u003eDied in the same year he rose to sokengyo, the organization's highest rank\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Verification source\"\u003eSaitama Prefecture biographical timeline\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAges in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.pref.saitama.lg.jp/a0604/hanawa/hanawahokiichi.html\"\u003eSaitama Prefecture timeline\u003c/a\u003e follow traditional Japanese age reckoning. Under this system, a person is counted as 1 in the year of birth. The stated age of 7 when he lost his sight must therefore not be treated as 7 completed years of age.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#why-studying-was-difficult-after-he-lost-his-sight\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"why-studying-was-difficult-after-he-lost-his-sight\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eWhy Studying Was Difficult After He Lost His Sight\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBlindness prevented him from reading written characters by sight. Accessing the contents of books required other people to read aloud and explain them. To continue his studies, he also needed to build relationships through which he could receive that help.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn Edo, he joined the Todoza (当道座). The Todoza was an occupational organization for blind people. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.city.honjo.lg.jp/soshiki/kyoikuiinkai/bunkazai/tantoujouhou/ijin/hanawahokiichi/introduction/15043.html\"\u003eHonjo City biographical profile\u003c/a\u003e also records his advancement within the organization.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAt the time, new members were expected to train in occupations such as music or acupuncture. The reading and scholarship Hokiichi wanted to pursue required separate instruction. This background is documented in the biography included in Kokugakuin University's collection.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHis difficulties therefore cannot be explained by the loss of sight alone. Finding people to read books to him and teachers to instruct him was another challenge. He also needed room to continue his studies alongside occupational training.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#his-teachers-permission-and-scholarly-turning-points\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"his-teachers-permission-and-scholarly-turning-points\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eHis Teacher's Permission and Scholarly Turning Points\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHis teacher's permission in 1761 gave him a foundation for continuing his studies. That teacher was Ametomi Kengyo (雨富検校). Hokiichi subsequently studied waka poetry, Shinto, and other subjects.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn 1769, he studied under Kamo no Mabuchi (賀茂真淵). Mabuchi was a kokugaku scholar who studied Japan's ancient texts. Kokugaku is the study of Japanese classics, ancient language, culture, and related subjects.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe \u003ca href=\"https://www.mabuchi-kinenkan.jp/waka/106.html\"\u003eKamo no Mabuchi Memorial Museum's account\u003c/a\u003e shows the breadth of his learning relationships. Instruction from people around him also extended to history and ritsuryo law. Hokiichi's development was not the result of studying under just one teacher.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHis turning points can be distinguished as follows.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"overflow-x-auto\"\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003ePoint in time\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eWhat changed\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Point in time\"\u003eEntry into scholarship in 1761\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"What changed\"\u003eA path opened for study separate from occupational training\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Point in time\"\u003eDecision to publish in 1779\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"What changed\"\u003ePersonal reading expanded into a project to preserve historical texts\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Point in time\"\u003eEstablishment of a research institution in 1793\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"What changed\"\u003eA place was provided for continued teaching and collaborative research\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#what-kind-of-book-is-gunsho-ruiju\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"what-kind-of-book-is-gunsho-ruiju\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eWhat Kind of Book Is Gunsho Ruiju?\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGunsho Ruiju is a collection compiled from many historical texts. It is not a collection of works whose contents Hokiichi wrote entirely himself. Its purpose was to gather scattered records and pass them on.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe \u003ca href=\"https://www.pref.saitama.lg.jp/a0604/gunsyo.html\"\u003eSaitama Prefecture explanation of Gunsho Ruiju\u003c/a\u003e describes its classification and the collaboration involved. The collected texts were divided into 25 categories. The main series, completed in 1819, comprises \u003cstrong\u003e666 volumes\u003c/strong\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCollecting the texts required cooperation from people who held the source materials. Hokiichi sometimes traveled to distant places himself to obtain books. His students copied the books he borrowed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe compilation can be understood through the following process. These tasks were carried out together over a long period. The sequence below is not a detailed work log for every text.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLocate and borrow texts scattered across different regions.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHave students transcribe the texts to create working copies.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eReview the contents and correct errors in written characters and other details.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eClassify and edit the texts by category.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMake woodblocks and print the texts as books.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHis memory likely helped him use what he learned through readings aloud. But memory alone could not replace collecting and copying materials. The completed books contain the work of many people.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#wagaku-kodansho-and-the-foundation-for-collaborative-research\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"wagaku-kodansho-and-the-foundation-for-collaborative-research\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eWagaku Kodansho and the Foundation for Collaborative Research\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWagaku Kodansho (和学講談所) was a research and educational institution founded in 1793. Hokiichi sought to broaden the foundation for research into Japanese history and ritsuryo law. Ritsuryo was a legal system governing state administration, punishments, and other matters at the time.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe \u003ca href=\"https://www.pref.saitama.lg.jp/a0604/wagaku.html\"\u003eSaitama Prefecture account of the institution\u003c/a\u003e explains the background to its establishment. Ancient language and classical literature occupied a large place in kokugaku research at the time. A distinctive feature of the institution was that it provided a place to study history and ritsuryo together.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe rules included in Hanawa Kengyo Den (塙検校伝) show how collaborative learning worked. They required participants to read and correct designated texts together. During reading sessions, they were to focus on discussion and correction.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese rules distinguish Hokiichi's scholarship from individual memorization. Reading together was a way to share the contents of texts. Collaborative correction involved examining interpretations and written characters.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMaterials from Wagaku Kodansho were passed down to later generations. Saitama Prefecture explains that they were inherited by the Historiographical Institute at the University of Tokyo. This is an example of an educational institution's materials remaining in use after its founder's death.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#completion-in-1819-and-the-projects-continuation-after-his-death\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"completion-in-1819-and-the-projects-continuation-after-his-death\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eCompletion in 1819 and the Project's Continuation After His Death\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe completion in 1819 refers to the main series of Gunsho Ruiju. Zoku Gunsho Ruiju (続群書類従) was a separate follow-up project. This sequel was not completed during Hokiichi's lifetime.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSaitama Prefecture describes the compilation period as 41 years. This matches the count from 1779 through 1819 when both endpoint years are included. It should not be read as 41 full years measured from an exact starting date.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccounts of 1779 and 1786 also differ in scope depending on the source. The prefectural timeline lists the decision and the implementation of the plan separately. The Agency for Cultural Affairs dates the start of woodblock carving and publication work to 1779.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"overflow-x-auto\"\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eCategory\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eWhat the records establish\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003ePoints to keep in mind\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Category\"\u003eMain series of Gunsho Ruiju\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"What the records establish\"\u003eCompleted in 1819, 666 volumes\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Points to keep in mind\"\u003eThis figure does not include the sequel\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Category\"\u003eZoku Gunsho Ruiju\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"What the records establish\"\u003eUnfinished during his lifetime; publication continued after his death\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Points to keep in mind\"\u003eDo not count the entire project as an achievement completed during Hokiichi's lifetime\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Category\"\u003eWoodblock production and publication\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"What the records establish\"\u003eThe Agency for Cultural Affairs explains that work continued until his death\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Points to keep in mind\"\u003eDo not equate completion of the main series with the end of all work\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlongside his scholarly activities, he also took part in running the organization. Honjo City lists reform of the Todoza among his achievements. Saitama Prefecture describes his activities to improve the social standing of people with disabilities.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#why-the-woodblocks-remain-as-cultural-properties\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"why-the-woodblocks-remain-as-cultural-properties\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eWhy the Woodblocks Remain as Cultural Properties\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Gunsho Ruiju woodblocks are printing blocks that could be used to print the books repeatedly. Wooden boards carved with characters have survived as a means of reproducing the texts. They show how the books were published as well as what they contained.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe \u003ca href=\"https://kunishitei.bunka.go.jp/heritage/detail/201/10143\"\u003eJapanese Agency for Cultural Affairs cultural property database\u003c/a\u003e lists 17,244 woodblocks. They were designated an Important Cultural Property on \u003cstrong\u003eFebruary 19, 1957\u003c/strong\u003e. The storage facility is listed as Onko Gakkai (温故学会).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Agency for Cultural Affairs explains that it is rare for the woodblocks of a large collected series to survive together. Their preservation value goes beyond their association with a historical figure. They are historical materials that document the publication of texts during the Edo period.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#records-and-interpretation\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"records-and-interpretation\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eRecords and Interpretation\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHokiichi's life needs to be studied with attention to the different types of sources. A timeline produced by a modern institution is not the same kind of record as an old biography. Conversations reported in biographies must also be distinguished from his own firsthand records.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#what-the-records-establish\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"what-the-records-establish\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eWhat the Records Establish\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKokugakuin University (國學院大學) resource ID 40395 brings together several records. Among them, Onkodo Hanawa Sensei Den (温故堂塙先生伝) describes his learning process. Hanawa Kengyo Den includes the institution's rules.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe \u003ca href=\"https://jmapps.ne.jp/kokugakuin/det.html?data_id=40395\"\u003eKokugakuin University biographical resource\u003c/a\u003e is a starting point for checking each record. Statements included in a biography should be treated as that biography's account. They cannot be presented as entries in a diary or letters written by Hokiichi himself.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#assessments-shared-by-the-sources-and-this-articles-interpretation\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"assessments-shared-by-the-sources-and-this-articles-interpretation\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eAssessments Shared by the Sources and This Article's Interpretation\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe public institutional sources checked here regard the preservation of historical texts as a major achievement. Honjo City explains that Gunsho Ruiju is used in literary and historical research. There is no basis for going further and asserting that the entire scholarly community shares the same assessment.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe focus on access to education and collaboration is this article's interpretation. It rests on records of teachers' instruction, students' copying, and collaborative correction. It does not suggest that his blindness disappeared.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#points-requiring-further-verification\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"points-requiring-further-verification\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003ePoints Requiring Further Verification\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese records cannot measure the precise extent of his memory. The exact wording of particular remarks is also difficult to establish from biographical accounts alone. The sources checked here do not provide grounds for claiming that a separate scholarly debate exists.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTreat anecdotes about his memory as accounts passed down in identifiable sources.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCheck the age-reckoning system used in the relevant timeline.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDistinguish whether the start of publication means the decision, woodblock carving, or publication itself.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDo not arbitrarily convert lunar-calendar dates in historical records to Gregorian dates.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#the-difference-between-preserving-texts-and-making-reading-accessible\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"the-difference-between-preserving-texts-and-making-reading-accessible\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eThe Difference Between Preserving Texts and Making Reading Accessible\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe preservation of books and people's ability to read them are separate conditions. In Hokiichi's case, reading aloud and instruction supported his personal reading. Copying and publication created a way for texts to reach other people.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis distinction is useful when teaching about his life today. Explaining his achievements solely through personal determination leaves out the role of collaboration. Conversely, emphasizing only the support he received obscures his editorial and research work.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"overflow-x-auto\"\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eElement found in the records\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eWhat it made possible\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eWhat it does not explain on its own\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Element found in the records\"\u003eInstruction from teachers and people around him\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"What it made possible\"\u003eLearning the contents of texts\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"What it does not explain on its own\"\u003eLong-term preservation of texts\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Element found in the records\"\u003eCopying by students\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"What it made possible\"\u003eObtaining copies of borrowed materials\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"What it does not explain on its own\"\u003eThe entire process of checking the accuracy of the contents\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Element found in the records\"\u003eCollaborative reading and correction\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"What it made possible\"\u003eReviewing contents and written characters together\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"What it does not explain on its own\"\u003eContinued publication and storage\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Element found in the records\"\u003eProduction and preservation of woodblocks\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"What it made possible\"\u003eReprinting the same contents\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"What it does not explain on its own\"\u003eAccess to reading for every reader\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis table is an interpretation that distinguishes the roles found in the records. It does not mean that systems for educational accessibility today were the same then. Its value lies in asking who read, copied, and reviewed the texts.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#frequently-asked-questions\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"frequently-asked-questions\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eFrequently Asked Questions\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#was-hanawa-hokiichi-a-kokugaku-scholar\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"was-hanawa-hokiichi-a-kokugaku-scholar\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eWas Hanawa Hokiichi a Kokugaku Scholar?\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHe was a kokugaku scholar who studied Japanese classics and history. He is known for organizing historical texts, including compiling Gunsho Ruiju. He also conducted research and taught at Wagaku Kodansho.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#when-did-he-lose-his-sight\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"when-did-he-lose-his-sight\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eWhen Did He Lose His Sight?\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Saitama Prefecture timeline records that he lost his sight due to illness in 1752. He was 7 under traditional Japanese age reckoning. This must not be carried over directly into the modern system of counting completed years of age.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#did-he-write-all-666-volumes-of-gunsho-ruiju-himself\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"did-he-write-all-666-volumes-of-gunsho-ruiju-himself\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eDid He Write All 666 Volumes of Gunsho Ruiju Himself?\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBecause it was compiled and edited from existing texts, it cannot be regarded as a book he wrote alone. His students copied the borrowed texts. Cooperation from the owners of source materials was also necessary to collect them.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#why-is-the-compilation-said-to-have-taken-41-years\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"why-is-the-compilation-said-to-have-taken-41-years\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eWhy Is the Compilation Said to Have Taken 41 Years?\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSaitama Prefecture connects the decision in 1779 with completion in 1819. Counting both endpoint years gives 41 calendar years. This must be distinguished from elapsed time calculated using exact months and days.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#did-he-also-complete-zoku-gunsho-ruiju-during-his-lifetime\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"did-he-also-complete-zoku-gunsho-ruiju-during-his-lifetime\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eDid He Also Complete Zoku Gunsho Ruiju During His Lifetime?\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe sequel was not completed during Hokiichi's lifetime. Saitama Prefecture explains that the project continued after his death. It is inaccurate to combine the completion dates of the main series and the sequel.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#why-are-the-woodblocks-preserved\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"why-are-the-woodblocks-preserved\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eWhy Are the Woodblocks Preserved?\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThey are the original blocks used to print Gunsho Ruiju. The Agency for Cultural Affairs considers it rare for the woodblocks of a large collected series to be preserved together. They are materials that allow researchers to study both the contents of the texts and the publishing process.\u003c/p\u003e\n","tags":["Cultural heritage","Japanese history","Access to education"],"faqs":[{"question":"Who was Hanawa Hokiichi?","answer":"He was a blind Japanese scholar who was born in 1746 and died in 1821. He is known for compiling Gunsho Ruiju, a collection of historical texts, and founding Wagaku Kodansho."},{"question":"When did Hanawa Hokiichi lose his sight?","answer":"Saitama Prefecture's chronology records that he lost his sight due to illness in 1752. The age of 7 given in the chronology uses the traditional Japanese age-counting system and must be distinguished from 7 full years of age."},{"question":"What turning point did 1761 mark in his life?","answer":"It was the year he received permission from his teacher, Ametomi Kengyo, to pursue scholarly studies. He subsequently continued his scholarly work, studying waka poetry, Shinto, and other subjects."},{"question":"What kind of book is Gunsho Ruiju?","answer":"It is a collection of historical texts gathered from various regions and classified into 25 categories. The main series, completed in 1819, comprises 666 volumes."},{"question":"Was Gunsho Ruiju compiled through memory alone?","answer":"Memory alone cannot explain its compilation. It also required borrowing texts, having disciples transcribe them, proofreading, and publication."},{"question":"Did the compilation of Gunsho Ruiju begin in 1779 or 1786?","answer":"Saitama Prefecture's chronology lists 1779 as the year he decided to publish it. It separately identifies 1786 as the year the plan was put into action. The Agency for Cultural Affairs dates the start of woodblock carving and publication work to 1779, so the scope of the event must also be made clear."},{"question":"What does it mean to say that compiling Gunsho Ruiju took 41 years?","answer":"Counting both the first and last years, 1779 through 1819 spans 41 calendar years. This must not be interpreted as a full 41 years counted from the exact start date."},{"question":"What kind of institution was Wagaku Kodansho?","answer":"It was a research and educational institution founded by Hokiichi in 1793. It laid the groundwork for studying Japanese history, ritsuryo codes, and other subjects."},{"question":"Did Hokiichi also complete Zoku Gunsho Ruiju during his lifetime?","answer":"Zoku Gunsho Ruiju was not completed during his lifetime. The completion of the main series in 1819 must be distinguished from the work on the sequel that continued after his death."},{"question":"When were the printing blocks for Gunsho Ruiju designated an Important Cultural Property?","answer":"They were designated an Important Cultural Property of Japan on February 19, 1957. The quantity registered by the Agency for Cultural Affairs is 17,244 blocks."},{"question":"How can a statement attributed to Hanawa Hokiichi be verified?","answer":"First, check which biography or record contains it. A relevant biography can be found in Kokugakuin University's materials under ID 40395. Words reported in a biography must not be presented as a record written by Hokiichi himself."}],"sources":[{"url":"https://www.pref.saitama.lg.jp/a0604/hanawa/hanawahokiichi.html","title":"Saitama Prefecture: Introduction to Hanawa Hokiichi and a Timeline of His Life","type":"source"},{"url":"https://www.pref.saitama.lg.jp/a0604/gunsyo.html","title":"Saitama Prefecture: Explanation of Gunsho Ruiju","type":"source"},{"url":"https://www.pref.saitama.lg.jp/a0604/wagaku.html","title":"Saitama Prefecture: Explanation of Wagaku Kodansho","type":"source"},{"url":"https://jmapps.ne.jp/kokugakuin/det.html?data_id=40395","title":"Kokugakuin University Digital Museum: Hanawa Hokiichi, Resource ID 40395","type":"source"},{"url":"https://kunishitei.bunka.go.jp/heritage/detail/201/10143","title":"Japan's Agency for Cultural Affairs Nationally Designated Cultural Properties Database: Gunsho Ruiju Printing Blocks","type":"data_point"},{"url":"https://www.city.honjo.lg.jp/soshiki/kyoikuiinkai/bunkazai/tantoujouhou/ijin/hanawahokiichi/introduction/15043.html","title":"Honjo City: Profile of Hanawa Hokiichi","type":"source"},{"url":"https://www.mabuchi-kinenkan.jp/waka/106.html","title":"Kamo no Mabuchi Memorial Museum: Hanawa Hokiichi, a Pupil from Mabuchi's Later Years","type":"source"}],"images":[{"id":2160,"url":"https://injoys.com/rails/active_storage/blobs/proxy/eyJfcmFpbHMiOnsiZGF0YSI6MzMyMDMsInB1ciI6ImJsb2JfaWQifX0=--9f1187209133751db198b7c16158729d5c5eda11/ai-e5c134d7.webp","is_representative":false,"generation_method":"ai_semi","license":"ai_generated","mime_type":"image/webp","width":1536,"height":1024,"translations":{"ko":{"alt":"다다미가 깔린 서재에서 학자들이 책 더미와 필기 도구를 곁에 두고 낮은 책상에서 문헌을 필사하는 모습","caption":"군서유종의 완성은 자료 수집과 필사 협업에 기반했다.","description":null},"en":{"alt":"Scholars copy manuscripts at low desks in a tatami study lined with books and writing tools.","caption":"The completion of Gunsho Ruijū depended on collecting sources and collaborating on transcription.","description":null},"ja":{"alt":"畳敷きの書斎で、積み重ねた書物や筆記用具に囲まれ、低い机で文献を書き写す学者たち","caption":"群書類従の完成は、資料収集と共同での書写に支えられていた。","description":null},"es":{"alt":"Eruditos copian manuscritos en mesas bajas de un estudio con tatami, libros y útiles de escritura.","caption":"La culminación de Gunsho Ruijū se apoyó en la recopilación de fuentes y la transcripción colaborativa.","description":null},"id":{"alt":"Para cendekiawan menyalin naskah di meja rendah dalam ruang berlantai tatami, dengan tumpukan buku dan alat tulis.","caption":"Penyelesaian Gunsho Ruijū bertumpu pada pengumpulan sumber dan kerja sama dalam penyalinan.","description":null},"pt":{"alt":"Estudiosos copiam manuscritos em mesas baixas numa sala com tatame, pilhas de livros e materiais de escrita.","caption":"A conclusão de Gunsho Ruijū dependeu da coleta de fontes e da colaboração na transcrição.","description":null},"zh-hant":{"alt":"學者們在鋪有榻榻米的書齋裡，圍坐於低矮書桌前抄寫文獻，身旁堆放書籍與文具。","caption":"《群書類從》的完成有賴於資料蒐集與協作抄寫。","description":null},"de":{"alt":"Gelehrte kopieren Handschriften an niedrigen Tischen in einem Tatamizimmer mit Bücherstapeln und Schreibzeug.","caption":"Die Vollendung des Gunsho Ruijū beruhte auf der Quellensammlung und gemeinschaftlicher Abschreibarbeit.","description":null}}},{"id":2161,"url":"https://injoys.com/rails/active_storage/blobs/proxy/eyJfcmFpbHMiOnsiZGF0YSI6MzMyMDksInB1ciI6ImJsb2JfaWQifX0=--2f4debc592b02dad9c8b68d9b797cc31c9751e12/ai-36e90bf0.webp","is_representative":false,"generation_method":"ai_semi","license":"ai_generated","mime_type":"image/webp","width":1536,"height":1024,"translations":{"ko":{"alt":"판목과 종이, 실로 묶은 책이 놓인 목조 인쇄 작업장에서 사람들이 먹칠하고 종이를 문질러 인쇄하는 모습","caption":"군서유종 판목은 1957년 일본 중요문화재로 지정됐다.","description":null},"en":{"alt":"Workers ink woodblocks and rub prints in a wooden workshop lined with bound books and stacks of paper.","caption":"The Gunsho Ruiju printing blocks were designated an Important Cultural Property of Japan in 1957.","description":null},"ja":{"alt":"版木や紙、糸綴じの本が並ぶ木造の工房で、職人たちが墨を塗り、紙をこすって印刷している","caption":"『群書類従』の版木は1957年に日本の重要文化財に指定された。","description":null},"es":{"alt":"Artesanos entintan e imprimen con bloques de madera en un taller con libros cosidos y pilas de papel.","caption":"Los bloques de impresión de Gunsho Ruiju fueron declarados Bien Cultural Importante de Japón en 1957.","description":null},"id":{"alt":"Pekerja menintai balok kayu dan menggosok cetakan di bengkel berisi buku berjilid benang dan tumpukan kertas.","caption":"Balok cetak Gunsho Ruiju ditetapkan sebagai Properti Budaya Penting Jepang pada 1957.","description":null},"pt":{"alt":"Artesãos entintam blocos de madeira e esfregam papel numa oficina com livros costurados e pilhas de folhas.","caption":"Os blocos de impressão de Gunsho Ruiju foram designados Bem Cultural Importante do Japão em 1957.","description":null},"zh-hant":{"alt":"木造印刷工坊裡，工匠為雕版上墨、摩擦紙張印製書頁，四周擺滿線裝書與成疊紙張","caption":"《群書類從》的印刷雕版於1957年被指定為日本重要文化財。","description":null},"de":{"alt":"Arbeiter färben Druckstöcke ein und reiben Papier ab; im Holzbau lagern fadengebundene Bücher und Papierstapel.","caption":"Die Druckstöcke des Gunsho Ruiju wurden 1957 als wichtiges Kulturgut Japans ausgewiesen.","description":null}}}],"published_at":"2026-10-26T16:26:48+09:00","updated_at":"2026-10-26T16:26:48+09:00","license":"cc_by","translation_status":"reviewed","available_locales":["ko","en","ja","es"],"data_locales":["ko","en","ja","es","id","pt","zh-hant","de"],"url":"https://injoys.com/en/articles/hanawa-hokiichi-life-gunsho-ruiju-compilation"}