{"content_id":"amdvkezfak","slug":"jingbirok-ryu-seong-ryong-writing-background-and-significance","locale":"en","schema_type":"Article","category":"knowledge_base","category_name":"Knowledge Base","title":"Jingbirok: Ryu Seong-ryong's Account of the Imjin War","summary":"Jingbirok is a postwar account Ryu Seong-ryong wrote based on his experiences and documents from the Imjin War. It is a historical source explaining the early defeats and the response to the war, while also containing the author's self-reflection and explanation of his own responsibility.","sponsorship_disclosure":null,"affiliate_disclosure":null,"commerce_disclosure":null,"author":{"name":"Injoys Editorial Team","url":"https://injoys.com/ko/about"},"key_points":["Jingbirok is a postwar work that primarily covers the Imjin War from 1592 to 1598.","Ryu Seong-ryong identified problems with military preparations and the command structure as causes of the early defeats.","Understanding the response to the war requires considering the activities of the navy, volunteer militias and government troops alongside support from Ming forces.","The period when Jingbirok was written must be distinguished from the period when the author's descendants published it.","The author's experiences and documents enhance its value as a historical source, but they do not replace the need to verify individual judgments."],"content_markdown":"Jingbirok is Ryu Seong-ryong’s account of the Imjin War, which lasted from 1592 to 1598. Joseon resisted the invasion through the efforts of its navy, righteous armies, and government forces, with support from Ming troops. After the war, Ryu Seong-ryong documented failures and responses, leaving a historical source for later generations to examine.\n\nThis article follows the author’s preface to Jingbirok and the commentary on Our History Net, consulted in November 2026.\n\n## What kind of book is Jingbirok?\n\nJingbirok is a historical record combining the experiences and documents of a senior official who lived through the war. Its author, Ryu Seong-ryong, is also known by his pen name, Seoae. During the war, he served as chief state councillor and chief military commissioner, among other posts. The chief military commissioner oversaw military affairs across several regions.\n\nThe book focuses on **1592 to 1598**. It also covers relations with Japan before the war. This structure serves to explain how the war began. Since Ryu Seong-ryong compiled it after leaving office, it differs in character from a wartime diary.\n\n“Jingbi” in the title means guarding against past mistakes to avoid future calamities. The phrase comes from the “Xiaobi” section of the Book of Songs. The title itself thus conveys the purpose of the work. The circumstances of its writing can be found in [the author’s preface and commentary on Our History Net](https://contents.history.go.kr/front/hm/view.do?levelId=hm_079_0070).\n\n## Why Jingbirok was written and the question of postwar responsibility\n\nThe book grew out of both reflection on a national crisis and questions of postwar responsibility. Ryu Seong-ryong was impeached and removed from office near the end of the war. He then returned to his hometown of Hahoe in Andong. He is known to have compiled his wartime experiences at Ogyeonjeongsa.\n\nIn his preface, Ryu Seong-ryong acknowledges his responsibility for failing to prevent the crisis despite holding important posts. He also explains that he added contemporary documents to accounts of what he had seen and heard. This approach sought to pass memories down to later generations alongside documentary evidence. The circumstances are also described in [the National Folk Museum of Korea’s special exhibition guide](https://nfm.go.kr/_Upload/BANNER/2015/08/07/2015jing_leaf.pdf).\n\n- Janggye are reports submitted to the king by provincial officials and others.\n- Sangso and chaja are written submissions presenting opinions to the king.\n- Documents exchanged between government offices show the administrative responses at the time.\n- Miscellaneous records contain experiences and observations outside the main text.\n\nThe book also includes measures Ryu proposed and people he recommended for office. The commentary on Our History Net sees these passages as partly an explanation of his own responsibility. His reflection and self-defense therefore need to be examined together. Writing the book was not what brought the war to an end.\n\n## The reasons for the early defeats and problems with the defense system\n\nRyu Seong-ryong identified shortcomings in military preparations and the command structure as causes of the early defeats. This was the assessment of an author who had experienced the war. He also criticized the selection of commanders and the training of soldiers. He addressed the failure to properly understand developments in Japan as well.\n\nHe paid particular attention to the way troops were assembled under Jeseung Bangnyak. Under this arrangement, troops from several regions gathered and waited for a commander. He judged that responding would be difficult if the enemy arrived before the commander. As an alternative, Ryu Seong-ryong called for restoring the jingwan system.\n\n| Category | Jeseung Bangnyak | The jingwan system advocated by Ryu Seong-ryong |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Basic unit of response | Troops gathered from several regions | Regional defense organizations |\n| Command method | An appointed commander led the assembled troops | Troops were deployed at the regional level |\n| Issues identified by Ryu Seong-ryong | A commander’s late arrival left a gap in the response | A basis for responding locally could be established |\n| Reform debate | Arguments for retaining the existing system | The prewar proposal was not accepted |\n\nHis account describes how Kim Su, the governor of Gyeongsang Province, opposed changing the system. The reason was that a long-established method would be difficult to change suddenly. This passage shows the difference between proposing a measure and actually adopting it. This explanation is based on [Our History Net’s commentary on Jingbirok](https://contents.history.go.kr/mobile/ts/view.do?levelId=ts_b30).\n\n## What responses helped turn the tide of the war?\n\nThe recovery resulted from continued responses at sea and on land. Ryu Seong-ryong emphasized the roles of the navy and righteous armies among these efforts. His account also includes support from Ming troops. Distinguishing each group’s role helps reveal the overall response to the war.\n\n| Responding force | Activities highlighted in the account | Significance for understanding the war |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Joseon navy | Disrupting Japanese troop movements and supplies at sea | Control of the sea also affected the war on land |\n| Righteous armies | Resisting Japanese troops locally | Resistance continued outside the government forces |\n| Joseon government forces | Land defense, counterattacks, and recapture operations | The state’s military response continued |\n| Ming troops | Sending reinforcements and recapturing Pyongyang Fortress, among other operations | Outside military support contributed to the recovery |\n\nThe navy belonged to Joseon’s government forces, so the two categories overlap in part. The table separates them to explain naval operations. The activities of righteous armies also varied by region and period. These categories should not be understood as separate, disconnected wars.\n\nThe commentary on Our History Net describes the recapture of Pyongyang Fortress as a turning point in the war. Yet the war continued after this recovery. The book also covers the Jeongyu reinvasion and the withdrawal of Japanese troops. This is why a single victory cannot readily explain the entire war.\n\n## Timeline of the war, writing, and publication\n\nThe war took place at a different time from when the account began circulating as a book. Writing involves organizing experiences into an account. Publication means producing and distributing that account as a book.\n\n| Year or period | Event | Supporting source |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 1592 | The Imjin War began, marking the start of the period central to the account | Author’s preface to Jingbirok, Our History Net |\n| 1598 | The war ended; Ryu Seong-ryong fell from power and returned home | Our History Net’s commentary on the author’s preface, National Folk Museum of Korea |\n| Around 1604 | Described as the period when the work was completed | Encyclopedia of Korean Culture, “Gwangmyeong Translated Jingbirok” |\n| Around 1647 | A woodblock edition was published in connection with Jo Su-ik’s tenure as governor of Gyeongsang Province | Our History Net’s commentary on Jingbirok |\n| 1695 | Published in Japan | Encyclopedia of Korean Culture, “Jingbirok” |\n| 1969 | The handwritten draft was designated a National Treasure | Encyclopedia of Korean Culture, Gyeongsangbuk-do cultural heritage guide |\n\nThe dating of completion to around 1604 follows [the “Gwangmyeong Translated Jingbirok” entry](https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0073119). Researchers differ on the date of first publication. This article therefore does not present 1647 as an undisputed year of first publication.\n\n## Differences in the contents and editions of Jingbirok\n\nSurviving editions differ in the range of documents they include. The commonly read main text must be distinguished from editions that combine it with collections of documents. The title alone is not enough to determine the book’s full composition.\n\n| Type | Main contents | Distinguishing point |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Handwritten draft | Records written by Ryu Seong-ryong himself | A cultural heritage item distinct from later woodblock editions |\n| 2-volume edition | Accounts of events before, during, and after the war, and Nokhu Japgi | The usual structure centered on the main text |\n| 16-volume edition | The main text, Geunpokjip, Jinsarok, Gunmun Deungnok, and other materials | A broader collection that also includes war-related documents |\n\nThe main text covers prewar diplomacy and the early defeats. King Seonjo’s flight and the recapture of the capital are also major topics. It then addresses the renewed invasion and conditions toward the end of the war. Nokhu Japgi supplements events not fully covered in the main text.\n\nGeunpokjip collects writings submitted to the king. Jinsarok contains reports from the early stages of the war. Gunmun Deungnok is a collection of official documents related to military affairs. The composition can also be checked in [the Encyclopedia of Korean Culture’s “Jingbirok” entry](https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0055088).\n\n## The record and its interpretation\n\nWhat a historical source directly states must be distinguished from later assessments. The author’s purpose can be found in his preface. The causes of individual events and responsibility for them need to be compared with other records.\n\n### What the author’s preface states directly\n\nThe preface explains that prewar events were included to describe how the conflict began. The author also acknowledges his own responsibility. He goes on to explain that he attached contemporary documents to accounts of what he had seen and heard. These passages provide evidence of his intentions in writing the book.\n\n### The value commonly recognized in scholarly commentaries\n\nThe scholarly commentaries consulted regard the book as a major source for research on the Imjin War. This is because it combines a senior official’s experiences with contemporary documents. It was also used in later historical writing. Our History Net explains that it was used in compiling the Revised Veritable Records of King Seonjo.\n\n### Areas of disagreement or matters requiring separate verification\n\nAccounts of the first publication date differ depending on the sources and research. The extent to which the author was explaining his own responsibility is also a matter of interpretation. Assessments of particular individuals must be compared with other historical sources. The book’s value and the accuracy of every statement in it are separate judgments.\n\n## Do matching accounts in later records provide more evidence?\n\nThe same account in later books does not always constitute independent evidence. This is because Jingbirok was used as a source for later historical works. Even when matching content is found, the relationship between the records must be checked. This is a caution in verification that follows from how historical sources were transmitted.\n\n| Finding | What to check | Limits of the judgment |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Two books contain the same account | Whether the later book quoted the earlier one | Agreement alone does not establish independent testimony |\n| A separate contemporary document survives | Its author, date, and reporting channel | It is possible to examine whether the same event was recorded through a separate channel |\n| A later account is more specific | The source of the additional information | More descriptive detail does not guarantee accuracy |\n\nThis approach distinguishes the book’s influence from factual verification. Being widely cited is an achievement in the transmission of the record. The accuracy of individual claims requires a separate examination of the evidence. This does not mean that every entry in the royal annals came from this book.\n\n## What the record achieved and what it means today\n\nJingbirok’s achievement lies in preserving experiences of responding to war as a record that can be examined. It was later published in Japan as well. The perspective of a Joseon official who had experienced the war thus reached readers abroad. This can be considered alongside the process by which the book was used in historical writing within Korea.\n\nThe handwritten draft is preserved as a National Treasure. It is held by the Korean Studies Institute. This shows the value of the original manuscript itself, apart from the book’s contents. Information about its custody can be found in [the Gyeongsangbuk-do cultural heritage guide](https://www.gb.go.kr/Main/culture/page.do?cmd=2\u0026id=000033\u0026mnu_uid=15580).\n\nToday, it serves as material for studying both military history and the nature of historical records. Readers can examine military responses while also considering the author’s position. The distinction between contemporary documents and postwar recollections also becomes clear. This offers a more concrete subject for study than an account that merely lists a person’s achievements.\n\n## Frequently asked questions\n\n### Are Ryu Seong-ryong and Yu Seong-ryong different people?\n\nThe two spellings refer to the same person. This article consistently uses Ryu Seong-ryong. The spelling Yu Seong-ryong also appears in source titles and institutional descriptions.\n\n### Is it a diary written while the war was underway?\n\nIt is a book compiled after the war from experiences and documents. The period covered by the account must be distinguished from the time it was written. Its use of documents produced during the war must also be considered.\n\n### Does it give equal attention to every year of the Imjin War?\n\nIt does not devote the same amount of space to each year. The commentary on Our History Net explains that it places greater emphasis on the first 2 years of the war. This is connected to its aim of identifying the causes of the early defeats.\n\n### Would adopting the jingwan system have prevented the defeats?\n\nThis record alone cannot establish the outcome of an alternative that was not adopted. What can be confirmed is Ryu Seong-ryong’s proposal and the problems with the system that he described. The content of the proposal must be distinguished from assumptions about its actual effects.\n\n### Is the book designated a National Treasure the same as commercially available translations?\n\nThe National Treasure designation applies to Ryu Seong-ryong’s handwritten draft. Commercial translations are publications that present the contents to modern readers. The scope of each translation must be checked against the edition on which it is based.\n\n### How does the KBS drama differ from the historical record?\n\nThe KBS drama of the same name is a dramatic work produced in 2015. The [KBS program catalog](https://global.kbsmedia.co.kr/Guide/Data/guide_drama2019.pdf) states that it was based on the book. Quoting dialogue from the drama as the actual words of a historical figure requires separate verification against historical sources.","content_html":"\u003cp\u003eJingbirok is Ryu Seong-ryong’s account of the Imjin War, which lasted from 1592 to 1598. Joseon resisted the invasion through the efforts of its navy, righteous armies, and government forces, with support from Ming troops. After the war, Ryu Seong-ryong documented failures and responses, leaving a historical source for later generations to examine.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis article follows the author’s preface to Jingbirok and the commentary on Our History Net, consulted in November 2026.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#what-kind-of-book-is-jingbirok\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"what-kind-of-book-is-jingbirok\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eWhat kind of book is Jingbirok?\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJingbirok is a historical record combining the experiences and documents of a senior official who lived through the war. Its author, Ryu Seong-ryong, is also known by his pen name, Seoae. During the war, he served as chief state councillor and chief military commissioner, among other posts. The chief military commissioner oversaw military affairs across several regions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe book focuses on \u003cstrong\u003e1592 to 1598\u003c/strong\u003e. It also covers relations with Japan before the war. This structure serves to explain how the war began. Since Ryu Seong-ryong compiled it after leaving office, it differs in character from a wartime diary.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e“Jingbi” in the title means guarding against past mistakes to avoid future calamities. The phrase comes from the “Xiaobi” section of the Book of Songs. The title itself thus conveys the purpose of the work. The circumstances of its writing can be found in \u003ca href=\"https://contents.history.go.kr/front/hm/view.do?levelId=hm_079_0070\"\u003ethe author’s preface and commentary on Our History Net\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#why-jingbirok-was-written-and-the-question-of-postwar-responsibility\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"why-jingbirok-was-written-and-the-question-of-postwar-responsibility\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eWhy Jingbirok was written and the question of postwar responsibility\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe book grew out of both reflection on a national crisis and questions of postwar responsibility. Ryu Seong-ryong was impeached and removed from office near the end of the war. He then returned to his hometown of Hahoe in Andong. He is known to have compiled his wartime experiences at Ogyeonjeongsa.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn his preface, Ryu Seong-ryong acknowledges his responsibility for failing to prevent the crisis despite holding important posts. He also explains that he added contemporary documents to accounts of what he had seen and heard. This approach sought to pass memories down to later generations alongside documentary evidence. The circumstances are also described in \u003ca href=\"https://nfm.go.kr/_Upload/BANNER/2015/08/07/2015jing_leaf.pdf\"\u003ethe National Folk Museum of Korea’s special exhibition guide\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJanggye are reports submitted to the king by provincial officials and others.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSangso and chaja are written submissions presenting opinions to the king.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDocuments exchanged between government offices show the administrative responses at the time.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMiscellaneous records contain experiences and observations outside the main text.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe book also includes measures Ryu proposed and people he recommended for office. The commentary on Our History Net sees these passages as partly an explanation of his own responsibility. His reflection and self-defense therefore need to be examined together. Writing the book was not what brought the war to an end.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#the-reasons-for-the-early-defeats-and-problems-with-the-defense-system\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"the-reasons-for-the-early-defeats-and-problems-with-the-defense-system\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eThe reasons for the early defeats and problems with the defense system\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRyu Seong-ryong identified shortcomings in military preparations and the command structure as causes of the early defeats. This was the assessment of an author who had experienced the war. He also criticized the selection of commanders and the training of soldiers. He addressed the failure to properly understand developments in Japan as well.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHe paid particular attention to the way troops were assembled under Jeseung Bangnyak. Under this arrangement, troops from several regions gathered and waited for a commander. He judged that responding would be difficult if the enemy arrived before the commander. As an alternative, Ryu Seong-ryong called for restoring the jingwan system.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"overflow-x-auto\"\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eCategory\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eJeseung Bangnyak\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eThe jingwan system advocated by Ryu Seong-ryong\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Category\"\u003eBasic unit of response\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Jeseung Bangnyak\"\u003eTroops gathered from several regions\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"The jingwan system advocated by Ryu Seong-ryong\"\u003eRegional defense organizations\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Category\"\u003eCommand method\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Jeseung Bangnyak\"\u003eAn appointed commander led the assembled troops\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"The jingwan system advocated by Ryu Seong-ryong\"\u003eTroops were deployed at the regional level\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Category\"\u003eIssues identified by Ryu Seong-ryong\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Jeseung Bangnyak\"\u003eA commander’s late arrival left a gap in the response\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"The jingwan system advocated by Ryu Seong-ryong\"\u003eA basis for responding locally could be established\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Category\"\u003eReform debate\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Jeseung Bangnyak\"\u003eArguments for retaining the existing system\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"The jingwan system advocated by Ryu Seong-ryong\"\u003eThe prewar proposal was not accepted\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHis account describes how Kim Su, the governor of Gyeongsang Province, opposed changing the system. The reason was that a long-established method would be difficult to change suddenly. This passage shows the difference between proposing a measure and actually adopting it. This explanation is based on \u003ca href=\"https://contents.history.go.kr/mobile/ts/view.do?levelId=ts_b30\"\u003eOur History Net’s commentary on Jingbirok\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#what-responses-helped-turn-the-tide-of-the-war\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"what-responses-helped-turn-the-tide-of-the-war\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eWhat responses helped turn the tide of the war?\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe recovery resulted from continued responses at sea and on land. Ryu Seong-ryong emphasized the roles of the navy and righteous armies among these efforts. His account also includes support from Ming troops. Distinguishing each group’s role helps reveal the overall response to the war.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"overflow-x-auto\"\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eResponding force\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eActivities highlighted in the account\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eSignificance for understanding the war\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Responding force\"\u003eJoseon navy\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Activities highlighted in the account\"\u003eDisrupting Japanese troop movements and supplies at sea\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Significance for understanding the war\"\u003eControl of the sea also affected the war on land\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Responding force\"\u003eRighteous armies\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Activities highlighted in the account\"\u003eResisting Japanese troops locally\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Significance for understanding the war\"\u003eResistance continued outside the government forces\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Responding force\"\u003eJoseon government forces\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Activities highlighted in the account\"\u003eLand defense, counterattacks, and recapture operations\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Significance for understanding the war\"\u003eThe state’s military response continued\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Responding force\"\u003eMing troops\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Activities highlighted in the account\"\u003eSending reinforcements and recapturing Pyongyang Fortress, among other operations\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Significance for understanding the war\"\u003eOutside military support contributed to the recovery\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe navy belonged to Joseon’s government forces, so the two categories overlap in part. The table separates them to explain naval operations. The activities of righteous armies also varied by region and period. These categories should not be understood as separate, disconnected wars.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe commentary on Our History Net describes the recapture of Pyongyang Fortress as a turning point in the war. Yet the war continued after this recovery. The book also covers the Jeongyu reinvasion and the withdrawal of Japanese troops. This is why a single victory cannot readily explain the entire war.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#timeline-of-the-war-writing-and-publication\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"timeline-of-the-war-writing-and-publication\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eTimeline of the war, writing, and publication\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe war took place at a different time from when the account began circulating as a book. Writing involves organizing experiences into an account. Publication means producing and distributing that account as a book.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"overflow-x-auto\"\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eYear or period\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eEvent\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eSupporting source\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Year or period\"\u003e1592\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Event\"\u003eThe Imjin War began, marking the start of the period central to the account\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Supporting source\"\u003eAuthor’s preface to Jingbirok, Our History Net\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Year or period\"\u003e1598\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Event\"\u003eThe war ended; Ryu Seong-ryong fell from power and returned home\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Supporting source\"\u003eOur History Net’s commentary on the author’s preface, National Folk Museum of Korea\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Year or period\"\u003eAround 1604\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Event\"\u003eDescribed as the period when the work was completed\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Supporting source\"\u003eEncyclopedia of Korean Culture, “Gwangmyeong Translated Jingbirok”\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Year or period\"\u003eAround 1647\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Event\"\u003eA woodblock edition was published in connection with Jo Su-ik’s tenure as governor of Gyeongsang Province\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Supporting source\"\u003eOur History Net’s commentary on Jingbirok\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Year or period\"\u003e1695\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Event\"\u003ePublished in Japan\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Supporting source\"\u003eEncyclopedia of Korean Culture, “Jingbirok”\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Year or period\"\u003e1969\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Event\"\u003eThe handwritten draft was designated a National Treasure\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Supporting source\"\u003eEncyclopedia of Korean Culture, Gyeongsangbuk-do cultural heritage guide\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe dating of completion to around 1604 follows \u003ca href=\"https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0073119\"\u003ethe “Gwangmyeong Translated Jingbirok” entry\u003c/a\u003e. Researchers differ on the date of first publication. This article therefore does not present 1647 as an undisputed year of first publication.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#differences-in-the-contents-and-editions-of-jingbirok\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"differences-in-the-contents-and-editions-of-jingbirok\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eDifferences in the contents and editions of Jingbirok\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSurviving editions differ in the range of documents they include. The commonly read main text must be distinguished from editions that combine it with collections of documents. The title alone is not enough to determine the book’s full composition.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"overflow-x-auto\"\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eType\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eMain contents\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eDistinguishing point\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Type\"\u003eHandwritten draft\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Main contents\"\u003eRecords written by Ryu Seong-ryong himself\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Distinguishing point\"\u003eA cultural heritage item distinct from later woodblock editions\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Type\"\u003e2-volume edition\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Main contents\"\u003eAccounts of events before, during, and after the war, and Nokhu Japgi\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Distinguishing point\"\u003eThe usual structure centered on the main text\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Type\"\u003e16-volume edition\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Main contents\"\u003eThe main text, Geunpokjip, Jinsarok, Gunmun Deungnok, and other materials\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Distinguishing point\"\u003eA broader collection that also includes war-related documents\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe main text covers prewar diplomacy and the early defeats. King Seonjo’s flight and the recapture of the capital are also major topics. It then addresses the renewed invasion and conditions toward the end of the war. Nokhu Japgi supplements events not fully covered in the main text.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGeunpokjip collects writings submitted to the king. Jinsarok contains reports from the early stages of the war. Gunmun Deungnok is a collection of official documents related to military affairs. The composition can also be checked in \u003ca href=\"https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0055088\"\u003ethe Encyclopedia of Korean Culture’s “Jingbirok” entry\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#the-record-and-its-interpretation\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"the-record-and-its-interpretation\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eThe record and its interpretation\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhat a historical source directly states must be distinguished from later assessments. The author’s purpose can be found in his preface. The causes of individual events and responsibility for them need to be compared with other records.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#what-the-authors-preface-states-directly\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"what-the-authors-preface-states-directly\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eWhat the author’s preface states directly\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe preface explains that prewar events were included to describe how the conflict began. The author also acknowledges his own responsibility. He goes on to explain that he attached contemporary documents to accounts of what he had seen and heard. These passages provide evidence of his intentions in writing the book.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#the-value-commonly-recognized-in-scholarly-commentaries\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"the-value-commonly-recognized-in-scholarly-commentaries\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eThe value commonly recognized in scholarly commentaries\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe scholarly commentaries consulted regard the book as a major source for research on the Imjin War. This is because it combines a senior official’s experiences with contemporary documents. It was also used in later historical writing. Our History Net explains that it was used in compiling the Revised Veritable Records of King Seonjo.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#areas-of-disagreement-or-matters-requiring-separate-verification\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"areas-of-disagreement-or-matters-requiring-separate-verification\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eAreas of disagreement or matters requiring separate verification\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccounts of the first publication date differ depending on the sources and research. The extent to which the author was explaining his own responsibility is also a matter of interpretation. Assessments of particular individuals must be compared with other historical sources. The book’s value and the accuracy of every statement in it are separate judgments.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#do-matching-accounts-in-later-records-provide-more-evidence\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"do-matching-accounts-in-later-records-provide-more-evidence\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eDo matching accounts in later records provide more evidence?\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe same account in later books does not always constitute independent evidence. This is because Jingbirok was used as a source for later historical works. Even when matching content is found, the relationship between the records must be checked. This is a caution in verification that follows from how historical sources were transmitted.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"overflow-x-auto\"\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eFinding\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eWhat to check\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eLimits of the judgment\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Finding\"\u003eTwo books contain the same account\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"What to check\"\u003eWhether the later book quoted the earlier one\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Limits of the judgment\"\u003eAgreement alone does not establish independent testimony\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Finding\"\u003eA separate contemporary document survives\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"What to check\"\u003eIts author, date, and reporting channel\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Limits of the judgment\"\u003eIt is possible to examine whether the same event was recorded through a separate channel\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Finding\"\u003eA later account is more specific\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"What to check\"\u003eThe source of the additional information\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Limits of the judgment\"\u003eMore descriptive detail does not guarantee accuracy\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis approach distinguishes the book’s influence from factual verification. Being widely cited is an achievement in the transmission of the record. The accuracy of individual claims requires a separate examination of the evidence. This does not mean that every entry in the royal annals came from this book.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#what-the-record-achieved-and-what-it-means-today\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"what-the-record-achieved-and-what-it-means-today\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eWhat the record achieved and what it means today\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJingbirok’s achievement lies in preserving experiences of responding to war as a record that can be examined. It was later published in Japan as well. The perspective of a Joseon official who had experienced the war thus reached readers abroad. This can be considered alongside the process by which the book was used in historical writing within Korea.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe handwritten draft is preserved as a National Treasure. It is held by the Korean Studies Institute. This shows the value of the original manuscript itself, apart from the book’s contents. Information about its custody can be found in \u003ca href=\"https://www.gb.go.kr/Main/culture/page.do?cmd=2\u0026amp;id=000033\u0026amp;mnu_uid=15580\"\u003ethe Gyeongsangbuk-do cultural heritage guide\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eToday, it serves as material for studying both military history and the nature of historical records. Readers can examine military responses while also considering the author’s position. The distinction between contemporary documents and postwar recollections also becomes clear. This offers a more concrete subject for study than an account that merely lists a person’s achievements.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#frequently-asked-questions\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"frequently-asked-questions\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eFrequently asked questions\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#are-ryu-seong-ryong-and-yu-seong-ryong-different-people\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"are-ryu-seong-ryong-and-yu-seong-ryong-different-people\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eAre Ryu Seong-ryong and Yu Seong-ryong different people?\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe two spellings refer to the same person. This article consistently uses Ryu Seong-ryong. The spelling Yu Seong-ryong also appears in source titles and institutional descriptions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#is-it-a-diary-written-while-the-war-was-underway\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"is-it-a-diary-written-while-the-war-was-underway\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eIs it a diary written while the war was underway?\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt is a book compiled after the war from experiences and documents. The period covered by the account must be distinguished from the time it was written. Its use of documents produced during the war must also be considered.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#does-it-give-equal-attention-to-every-year-of-the-imjin-war\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"does-it-give-equal-attention-to-every-year-of-the-imjin-war\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eDoes it give equal attention to every year of the Imjin War?\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt does not devote the same amount of space to each year. The commentary on Our History Net explains that it places greater emphasis on the first 2 years of the war. This is connected to its aim of identifying the causes of the early defeats.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#would-adopting-the-jingwan-system-have-prevented-the-defeats\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"would-adopting-the-jingwan-system-have-prevented-the-defeats\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eWould adopting the jingwan system have prevented the defeats?\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis record alone cannot establish the outcome of an alternative that was not adopted. What can be confirmed is Ryu Seong-ryong’s proposal and the problems with the system that he described. The content of the proposal must be distinguished from assumptions about its actual effects.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#is-the-book-designated-a-national-treasure-the-same-as-commercially-available-translations\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"is-the-book-designated-a-national-treasure-the-same-as-commercially-available-translations\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eIs the book designated a National Treasure the same as commercially available translations?\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe National Treasure designation applies to Ryu Seong-ryong’s handwritten draft. Commercial translations are publications that present the contents to modern readers. The scope of each translation must be checked against the edition on which it is based.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#how-does-the-kbs-drama-differ-from-the-historical-record\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"how-does-the-kbs-drama-differ-from-the-historical-record\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eHow does the KBS drama differ from the historical record?\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe KBS drama of the same name is a dramatic work produced in 2015. The \u003ca href=\"https://global.kbsmedia.co.kr/Guide/Data/guide_drama2019.pdf\"\u003eKBS program catalog\u003c/a\u003e states that it was based on the book. Quoting dialogue from the drama as the actual words of a historical figure requires separate verification against historical sources.\u003c/p\u003e\n","tags":["Joseon period","Cultural heritage"],"faqs":[{"question":"Who wrote Jingbirok?","answer":"It was written by Ryu Seong-ryong, a civil official of Joseon. During the Imjin War, he served as chief state councillor and supreme military commissioner, among other posts."},{"question":"What does the title Jingbirok mean?","answer":"It means to take warning from past mistakes and guard against future calamities. The title is based on the “Sobi” chapter of the Classic of Poetry."},{"question":"What period does Jingbirok cover?","answer":"It mainly covers the Imjin War from 1592 to 1598. It also records relations with Japan before the war to explain how the war began."},{"question":"When was Jingbirok written?","answer":"Ryu Seong-ryong wrote it after leaving office. The “Gwangmyeong Translation of Jingbirok” entry in the Encyclopedia of Korean Culture states that it was completed around 1604."},{"question":"Why was Jingbirok written?","answer":"It was intended to leave a record of wartime failures and responses for later generations to examine. It is also examined as Ryu Seong-ryong's reflection on and explanation of his own responsibility."},{"question":"What did Ryu Seong-ryong see as the causes of the early defeats?","answer":"He pointed to factors such as inadequate military preparations and confusion in the command structure. While explaining the limitations of the jeseung bangnyak system, he also recorded how the proposal to restore the jingwan system was not accepted."},{"question":"What roles do naval forces and righteous armies play in Jingbirok?","answer":"They are the forces Ryu Seong-ryong emphasized as turning the tide of the war. To understand the overall response to the war, the activities of government troops and support from Ming forces must also be considered."},{"question":"How do the 2-volume and 16-volume editions of Jingbirok differ?","answer":"The 2-volume edition focuses on the war narrative and Nokhujapgi. The 16-volume edition also includes related documents such as Geunpokjip, Jinsarok, and Gunmundeungnok."},{"question":"Was Jingbirok first published in 1647?","answer":"It is widely stated that it was published around 1647. However, Our History Net notes that there are differing views on when it was first published."},{"question":"Is everything in Jingbirok an objective fact?","answer":"It is an important historical source based on experience and documents. However, the author's analysis of causes and assessments of individuals must be examined against other records."},{"question":"Where is Jingbirok, a National Treasure, kept?","answer":"The handwritten draft is held at the Korean Studies Institute. It was designated a National Treasure in 1969."},{"question":"Can the KBS drama Jingbirok be cited as a historical source?","answer":"The drama is a dramatic work based on historical records. To cite its dialogue or scenes as actual historical facts, historical sources supporting that content are needed."}],"sources":[{"url":"https://contents.history.go.kr/front/hm/view.do?levelId=hm_079_0070","title":"Our History Net, Overall Assessment of the Japanese Invasions - Jingbirok: Original Text of the Author's Preface and Commentary","type":"source"},{"url":"https://contents.history.go.kr/mobile/ts/view.do?levelId=ts_b30","title":"Our History Net, Book Stories on Video: Jingbirok","type":"source"},{"url":"https://nfm.go.kr/_Upload/BANNER/2015/08/07/2015jing_leaf.pdf","title":"National Folk Museum of Korea and Korean Studies Institute, Guide to the 2015 Special Exhibition on Jingbirok","type":"source"},{"url":"https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0055088","title":"Encyclopedia of Korean Culture, Jingbirok","type":"source"},{"url":"https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0073119","title":"Encyclopedia of Korean Culture, Gwangmyeong Translation of Jingbirok","type":"source"},{"url":"https://www.gb.go.kr/Main/culture/page.do?cmd=2\u0026id=000033\u0026mnu_uid=15580","title":"Gyeongsangbuk-do Cultural Heritage Guide, Jingbirok","type":"source"},{"url":"https://global.kbsmedia.co.kr/Guide/Data/guide_drama2019.pdf","title":"KBS PROGRAM CATALOGUE 2019, Introduction to the Drama Jingbirok","type":"source"}],"images":[{"id":2415,"url":"https://injoys.com/rails/active_storage/blobs/proxy/eyJfcmFpbHMiOnsiZGF0YSI6Mzc2ODksInB1ciI6ImJsb2JfaWQifX0=--e8e1fcdd9e61d0cb3edc6240287e82ba248e2b66/ai-7a9ce468.webp","is_representative":false,"generation_method":"ai_semi","license":"ai_generated","mime_type":"image/webp","width":1536,"height":1024,"translations":{"ko":{"alt":"강과 절벽이 내려다보이는 목조 서재에 원고와 책, 벼루와 붓이 놓여 있고 안쪽에 집필자가 앉아 있다.","caption":"징비록은 류성룡이 임진왜란의 경험과 문서를 바탕으로 전후에 남긴 기록이다.","description":null},"en":{"alt":"Manuscripts, books, inkstone and brushes in a riverside wooden study, with a writer seated farther inside.","caption":"Ryu Seong-ryong compiled Jingbirok after the war from his experiences and wartime documents.","description":null},"ja":{"alt":"川と崖を望む木造の書斎に原稿や本、硯と筆が置かれ、奥に書き手が座っている。","caption":"『懲毖録』は、柳成龍が壬辰倭乱の経験と文書をもとに戦後にまとめた記録である。","description":null},"es":{"alt":"Manuscritos, libros, tintero y pinceles en un estudio de madera junto al río, con un escritor sentado al fondo.","caption":"Ryu Seong-ryong compiló el Jingbirok después de la guerra a partir de sus experiencias y documentos de guerra.","description":null},"id":{"alt":"Naskah, buku, batu tinta dan kuas di ruang kayu tepi sungai, dengan seorang penulis duduk di bagian dalam.","caption":"Ryu Seong-ryong menyusun Jingbirok setelah perang berdasarkan pengalaman dan dokumen masa perang.","description":null},"pt":{"alt":"Manuscritos, livros, tinteiro e pincéis num escritório de madeira à beira do rio, com um escritor sentado ao fundo.","caption":"Ryu Seong-ryong compilou o Jingbirok após a guerra com base em suas experiências e em documentos de guerra.","description":null},"zh-hant":{"alt":"臨河的木造書齋可眺望峭壁，桌上攤著手稿、書冊、硯臺與毛筆，深處坐著一位執筆者。","caption":"《懲毖錄》是柳成龍在戰後根據壬辰倭亂的親身經歷與文書編寫的記錄。","description":null},"de":{"alt":"Manuskripte, Bücher, Reibstein und Pinsel in einer hölzernen Studierstube am Fluss; hinten sitzt ein Schreibender.","caption":"Ryu Seong-ryong verfasste Jingbirok nach dem Krieg auf Grundlage seiner Erlebnisse und zeitgenössischer Dokumente.","description":null}}},{"id":2416,"url":"https://injoys.com/rails/active_storage/blobs/proxy/eyJfcmFpbHMiOnsiZGF0YSI6Mzc2OTUsInB1ciI6ImJsb2JfaWQifX0=--971ea1c706db1dbb26bcb5689cc7d2e4265e2194/ai-ce943ab3.webp","is_representative":false,"generation_method":"ai_semi","license":"ai_generated","mime_type":"image/webp","width":1536,"height":1024,"translations":{"ko":{"alt":"목판에 먹을 바르고 인쇄한 종이를 들어 올리는 조선시대 인쇄 공방을 그린 그림","caption":"징비록의 집필 시기와 후손들이 책을 간행한 시기는 구분해야 한다.","description":null},"en":{"alt":"Painted Joseon printing workshop with workers inking woodblocks and lifting freshly printed sheets.","caption":"Jingbirok’s composition must be distinguished from its later publication by the author’s descendants.","description":null},"ja":{"alt":"版木に墨を塗り、刷り上がった紙を持ち上げる職人たちがいる朝鮮時代の印刷工房を描いた絵","caption":"『懲毖録』の執筆時期と、子孫による刊行時期は区別する必要がある。","description":null},"es":{"alt":"Pintura de un taller de Joseon con artesanos que entintan bloques de madera y levantan hojas recién impresas.","caption":"La redacción de Jingbirok debe distinguirse de su posterior publicación por los descendientes del autor.","description":null},"id":{"alt":"Lukisan bengkel cetak Joseon dengan pekerja menintai balok kayu dan mengangkat lembaran yang baru dicetak.","caption":"Masa penulisan Jingbirok perlu dibedakan dari masa penerbitannya kemudian oleh keturunan penulis.","description":null},"pt":{"alt":"Pintura de uma oficina Joseon com artesãos aplicando tinta em blocos de madeira e erguendo folhas recém-impressas.","caption":"A redação de Jingbirok deve ser distinguida de sua publicação posterior pelos descendentes do autor.","description":null},"zh-hant":{"alt":"描繪朝鮮時代印刷工坊的畫作，工匠正在木版上刷墨，並揭起剛印好的紙張","caption":"《懲毖錄》的撰寫時間，應與後代子孫刊行此書的時間加以區分。","description":null},"de":{"alt":"Gemalte Joseon-Druckwerkstatt: Arbeiter färben Holzdruckstöcke ein und heben frisch bedruckte Bögen ab.","caption":"Die Abfassung des Jingbirok ist von der späteren Veröffentlichung durch die Nachkommen des Autors zu unterscheiden.","description":null}}}],"published_at":"2026-11-04T08:48:14+09:00","updated_at":"2026-11-04T08:48:14+09:00","license":"cc_by","translation_status":"reviewed","available_locales":["ko","en","ja","es"],"data_locales":["ko","en","ja","es","id","pt","zh-hant","de"],"url":"https://injoys.com/en/articles/jingbirok-ryu-seong-ryong-writing-background-and-significance"}