{"content_id":"cx86qqfbxb","slug":"jang-bogo-cheonghaejin-foundation-and-maritime-trade","locale":"en","schema_type":"Article","category":"case_study","category_name":"Case Study","title":"Jang Bogo: Cheonghaejin's 828 Founding and Achievements","summary":"Jang Bogo established Cheonghaejin in 828 to combat piracy and the trafficking of Silla people. Historical sources document his achievements in leading trade among Silla, Tang and Japan, but the historical record must be distinguished from interpretation regarding how troops were raised and the year of his death.","sponsorship_disclosure":null,"affiliate_disclosure":null,"commerce_disclosure":null,"author":{"name":"Injoys Editorial Team","url":"https://injoys.com/ko/about"},"key_points":["Cheonghaejin was a maritime military base established in 828 in present-day Wando with King Heungdeok's permission.","Piracy threatened not only international trade but also grain transport and the daily lives of coastal residents.","Jang Bogo led international trade by connecting Cheonghaejin with Silla communities living in Tang.","It is difficult to determine whether all 10,000 troops were dispatched by the central government.","Historical sources differ on the year of Jang Bogo's death, and Cheonghaejin was abolished in 851."],"content_markdown":"Jang Bogo was a Silla military officer and merchant who established Cheonghaejin in **828** in response to piracy and the trafficking of Silla people. He used this base to protect sea routes. He is remembered for leading a trade network linking Silla, Tang, and Japan.\n\nThis article was written after consulting the National Institute of Korean History's records and commentary on the *Samguk sagi* in October 2026.\n\n## Jang Bogo's Life and Origins\n\nJang Bogo rose to prominence through military power and trade in the first half of the 9th century. The *Samguk sagi* also records his name as Gungbok. His birth year and family background are unclear.\n\nThe biographies in the *Samguk sagi* state that his hometown and ancestors were unknown. This must be distinguished from claims that he came from Wando, which have a different level of supporting evidence. The fact that Wando was his base of operations does not establish it as his birthplace.\n\nJang Bogo traveled to Tang with Jeong Nyeon and served in the Wuning Army. He held the military post of junior commander in this army. The exact date of his departure for Tang has not been established.\n\nSilla's bone-rank system at the time restricted status according to lineage. Our History Net describes this as part of the background to his rise and political setbacks. His exact status within that system, however, has not been established.\n\n## Why Cheonghaejin Was Established\n\nCheonghaejin was established to protect sea routes threatened by pirates. In the early 9th century, pirates plundered merchant ships. They also captured coastal residents and sold them in Tang.\n\nThe damage was not limited to overseas trade. Our History Net explains that maritime grain shipments to Gyeongju were also threatened. This transport system involved shipping grain collected as taxes and other payments.\n\n| Target under threat | Impact of pirate activity |\n| --- | --- |\n| Merchant ships and traders | Trade disrupted by plundering during voyages |\n| Coastal residents | Risk of property theft and abduction |\n| Grain transport | Insecurity along transport routes to the capital |\n| Silla court | Burdens on provincial control and financial administration |\n\nIt was not that the state took no action. Our History Net explains that weakened control over the provinces made suppression difficult. Cheonghaejin was a regional military base established under these circumstances.\n\n## The Establishment of Cheonghaejin in 828 and Wando's Location\n\nThe turning point came when King Heungdeok authorized the establishment of Cheonghaejin. The Silla Annals in the *Samguk sagi* record this in **the 4th lunar month of 828**. Jang Bogo became the commissioner in charge of Cheonghaejin.\n\nHis biography includes a proposal to stop the abduction and sale of Silla people. These remarks are conveyed by a historical work compiled later. They cannot be treated as a verbatim record of the conversation at the time.\n\nWando stood along maritime routes connecting China and Japan. Knowledge of the surrounding waterways helped with operating the base. Cheonghaejin used this location for military activity and trade.\n\n| Foundation | Connection to Cheonghaejin's operations |\n| --- | --- |\n| Royal authorization | Authority to carry out missions against pirates |\n| Military service in Tang | Experience useful for commanding troops |\n| Wando's geographical location | A base with access to southwestern sea routes |\n| Silla communities living in Tang | Personal connections linking navigation and trade |\n\n## Key Dates in Jang Bogo's Life and Cheonghaejin's History\n\nThe years of Cheonghaejin's establishment and abolition are confirmed, but records differ on the year of Jang Bogo's death. The timeline below presents events alongside their supporting sources. Months recorded in the lunar calendar have not been converted to the solar calendar.\n\n| Year or period | Event | Supporting record or commentary |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Birth date unknown | Birth year and family background are unclear | *Samguk sagi*, volume 44, biographies of Jang Bogo and Jeong Nyeon |\n| Before 828 | Served as a soldier in Tang's Wuning Army | *Samguk sagi*, volumes 10 and 44 |\n| 4th lunar month of 828 | Establishment of Cheonghaejin under Jang Bogo's command | *Samguk sagi*, volume 10, entry for the 3rd year of King Heungdeok's reign |\n| 839 | Provided military support for Kim Ujing's accession as King Sinmu | Annotations on Jang Bogo in the Korean History Database |\n| 839 | Ennin recorded the relationship between Chishan Fahua Temple and Jang Bogo | *Record of a Pilgrimage to China in Search of the Law*, volume 2 |\n| 841 or 846 | Killed by Yeom Jang; records differ on the year of death | Commentary on the *Shoku Nihon Kōki*; Silla Annals in the *Samguk sagi* |\n| 851 | Abolition of Cheonghaejin and relocation of its residents to Byeokgol County | Our History Net, “Cheonghaejin” |\n\n## Jang Bogo's Achievements and the Structure of International Trade\n\nHis main achievements were protecting Silla people and expanding international trade networks. The *Fanchuan wenji* states that the buying and selling of Silla people disappeared after Cheonghaejin was established. This record describes his success in curbing human trafficking.\n\nHowever, that wording cannot be read as a statistical account of victims. Detailed operational records of campaigns against pirates have not been identified. There is also insufficient evidence to calculate the number of battles or the rate of decline in losses.\n\nTrade took place through connections between Cheonghaejin and Silla people living abroad. Silla settlements, such as Sillabang, existed along the Tang coast. Their merchants and sailors formed the foundation of maritime exchange.\n\n| Region or base | Role in exchange |\n| --- | --- |\n| Cheonghaejin on Wando | Base directing military activity and trade |\n| Tang's Shandong Peninsula and eastern coast | Base for Silla communities and trading activity |\n| Japan's Kyushu region | Region trading with Jang Bogo's fleet in Japan |\n| Chishan Fahua Temple | Temple illustrating Silla community life and Buddhist exchange |\n\nTrade missions sent to Japan were called hoeyeoksa. Our History Net lists ceramics, silk, and aromatics among the goods traded. However, it is difficult to give figures for the fleet's total trade volume or profits.\n\nPeople and news traveled by sea along with goods. The Japanese monk Ennin (圓仁) left the *Record of a Pilgrimage to China in Search of the Law*. It describes the operation of Chishan Fahua Temple, which Jang Bogo founded.\n\n## Intervention in the Royal Succession and the Abolition of Cheonghaejin\n\nThe power Jang Bogo secured at sea also influenced Silla's central politics. His support contributed to King Sinmu's accession in 839. Cheonghaejin was a force capable of intervening militarily in the royal succession.\n\nA later attempt to arrange a marriage with the royal family met opposition from aristocrats. The *Samguk sagi* links the failure of his daughter's marriage plans to rebellion. Jang Bogo was eventually killed by Yeom Jang.\n\nThe status hierarchy and power struggles were intertwined in these events. The historical work's characterization of the events as a rebellion also reflects its perspective. It is difficult to explain them solely in terms of either personal ambition or status discrimination.\n\nCheonghaejin was not abolished immediately after Jang Bogo's death. The court abolished it in **851**. Its residents were relocated to Byeokgol County, in what is now the Gimje area.\n\nThe abolition of Cheonghaejin meant that operations at that base had ended. It did not mean the end of maritime trade by Silla people as a whole. Our History Net describes the subsequent activities of maritime forces in other regions.\n\n## Records and Interpretations\n\nWhen discussing Jang Bogo, the wording of the records must be distinguished from researchers' judgments. Sources can differ on the dates or details of the same event. The distinctions below separate established facts from unresolved issues.\n\n### What the Records State Directly\n\nThe *Samguk sagi* records 10,000 troops and the establishment of Cheonghaejin. The biography states that the buying and selling of Silla people ceased after its establishment. The Silla Annals place Jang Bogo's death among the events of 846.\n\nThe *Record of a Pilgrimage to China in Search of the Law* preserves observations about Chishan Fahua Temple. This account reveals Silla community life beyond Cheonghaejin. It helps identify the foundations of exchange that military activities alone do not reveal.\n\n### Interpretations Commonly Discussed in Research Commentary\n\nCommentaries by the National Institute of Korean History discuss Jang Bogo as both a military officer and a maritime trader. They also explain Cheonghaejin's growth through the combination of military power and international trade. They discuss his characteristics as a member of the powerful local elite whose influence rested on regional wealth and armed strength.\n\nThe term “King of the Seas” is a nickname summarizing this influence. It does not mean that he became the king of a separate state. Claims that he directly ruled all Silla people abroad also require caution.\n\n### Issues That Are Difficult to Resolve\n\nThe records alone do not establish how the 10,000 troops were actually raised. Our History Net's “Cheonghaejin” interprets this figure as the upper limit on the number he could command. This differs from the explanation that all the troops were dispatched by the central government.\n\n| Issue | Differences between records and commentary | Limits when describing it |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 10,000 troops | A troop count in the historical work versus an interpretation focused on command authority | Difficult to treat as an actual deployment roster |\n| Year of death | 846 in the *Samguk sagi* versus 841 based on Japanese records | The source being followed must be identified |\n| Birthplace | An unknown hometown in the biography versus claims of origin in Wando | His base of operations must be distinguished from his birthplace |\n| Suppression of pirates | Records describing success versus the absence of operational records | Difficult to give the scale of battles or a suppression rate |\n\nOur History Net's “Cheonghaejin” adopts 841 as the year of his death. The biographical heading in its “Jang Bogo” entry uses 846. This shows that commentaries from the same institution can select different dates.\n\n## Does Agreement Across Sources Mean Independent Testimony?\n\nEven when there are many sources, they do not all constitute independent evidence. Jang Bogo's biography in the *Samguk sagi* draws extensively on a text by Du Mu. Du Mu's text appears in the *Fanchuan wenji*.\n\nIt is therefore necessary to establish how the same information came to be repeated. An account copied from an earlier source differs from a separate firsthand observation. This issue can easily be overlooked when citing Jang Bogo's achievements.\n\n| Type of source | What it can establish | Limitations to consider |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Biography drawing on an earlier text | Assessments of a person and the transmission of accounts of events | Possible reliance on the same original source |\n| Traveler's account | Observations of places visited and exchanges witnessed | Difference between direct observation and information heard from others |\n| Excavated sites and artifacts | Locations of facilities and material traces | Difficult to prove the actions of a particular person |\n\nEnnin did not personally witness every event he recorded either. For example, he received news of the royal succession from others. When citing historical sources, observations must be distinguished from secondhand reports.\n\n## The Wando Site and Its Meaning Today\n\nArchaeological remains on Jangdo in Wando offer evidence of Cheonghaejin's activities. Excavations have identified fortifications and building sites, among other remains. Wando County's site guide introduces traces of wooden palisades, roof tiles, and pottery.\n\nThis site provides material evidence that can be compared with written sources. However, the presence of facilities does not substantiate every account of a battle. It is difficult to link excavation findings directly to individual stories about Jang Bogo.\n\nThis case illustrates the relationship between safe sea routes and trade. Connecting the facts discussed above also brings the protection of residents into that relationship. This is an analysis intended to help explain Cheonghaejin's functions together.\n\nThe political conditions that sustained trade also need separate examination. Cheonghaejin achieved results, but it was abolished after conflict with the royal family. This shows that the security of sea routes and the continued existence of the base were separate matters.\n\n## Frequently Asked Questions\n\n### Was Cheonghaejin a Military Base or a Trading Port?\n\nCheonghaejin was a maritime military base established to counter pirates. It later also served as a hub for international trade. It can be understood as a place that combined both functions.\n\n### Did Jang Bogo Eliminate All Pirates?\n\nSome records state that the buying and selling of Silla people ceased. However, it is difficult to establish whether he eliminated all pirates throughout the waters concerned. This is because detailed operational records and statistics on losses have not survived.\n\n### Was Jang Bogo a King?\n\nJang Bogo was a Silla figure who served as commissioner of Cheonghaejin. “King of the Seas” is a later nickname emphasizing his influence. It should not be used to mean that he was the monarch of an independent state.\n\n### Was Cheonghaejin Abolished in the Year Jang Bogo Died?\n\nCheonghaejin was abolished after Jang Bogo's death. The year of its abolition was 851. Whether his death is dated to 841 or 846, the two events remain distinct.","content_html":"\u003cp\u003eJang Bogo was a Silla military officer and merchant who established Cheonghaejin in \u003cstrong\u003e828\u003c/strong\u003e in response to piracy and the trafficking of Silla people. He used this base to protect sea routes. He is remembered for leading a trade network linking Silla, Tang, and Japan.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis article was written after consulting the National Institute of Korean History's records and commentary on the \u003cem\u003eSamguk sagi\u003c/em\u003e in October 2026.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#jang-bogos-life-and-origins\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"jang-bogos-life-and-origins\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eJang Bogo's Life and Origins\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJang Bogo rose to prominence through military power and trade in the first half of the 9th century. The \u003cem\u003eSamguk sagi\u003c/em\u003e also records his name as Gungbok. His birth year and family background are unclear.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe biographies in the \u003cem\u003eSamguk sagi\u003c/em\u003e state that his hometown and ancestors were unknown. This must be distinguished from claims that he came from Wando, which have a different level of supporting evidence. The fact that Wando was his base of operations does not establish it as his birthplace.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJang Bogo traveled to Tang with Jeong Nyeon and served in the Wuning Army. He held the military post of junior commander in this army. The exact date of his departure for Tang has not been established.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSilla's bone-rank system at the time restricted status according to lineage. Our History Net describes this as part of the background to his rise and political setbacks. His exact status within that system, however, has not been established.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#why-cheonghaejin-was-established\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"why-cheonghaejin-was-established\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eWhy Cheonghaejin Was Established\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCheonghaejin was established to protect sea routes threatened by pirates. In the early 9th century, pirates plundered merchant ships. They also captured coastal residents and sold them in Tang.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe damage was not limited to overseas trade. Our History Net explains that maritime grain shipments to Gyeongju were also threatened. This transport system involved shipping grain collected as taxes and other payments.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"overflow-x-auto\"\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eTarget under threat\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eImpact of pirate activity\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Target under threat\"\u003eMerchant ships and traders\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Impact of pirate activity\"\u003eTrade disrupted by plundering during voyages\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Target under threat\"\u003eCoastal residents\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Impact of pirate activity\"\u003eRisk of property theft and abduction\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Target under threat\"\u003eGrain transport\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Impact of pirate activity\"\u003eInsecurity along transport routes to the capital\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Target under threat\"\u003eSilla court\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Impact of pirate activity\"\u003eBurdens on provincial control and financial administration\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt was not that the state took no action. Our History Net explains that weakened control over the provinces made suppression difficult. Cheonghaejin was a regional military base established under these circumstances.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#the-establishment-of-cheonghaejin-in-828-and-wandos-location\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"the-establishment-of-cheonghaejin-in-828-and-wandos-location\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eThe Establishment of Cheonghaejin in 828 and Wando's Location\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe turning point came when King Heungdeok authorized the establishment of Cheonghaejin. The Silla Annals in the \u003cem\u003eSamguk sagi\u003c/em\u003e record this in \u003cstrong\u003ethe 4th lunar month of 828\u003c/strong\u003e. Jang Bogo became the commissioner in charge of Cheonghaejin.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHis biography includes a proposal to stop the abduction and sale of Silla people. These remarks are conveyed by a historical work compiled later. They cannot be treated as a verbatim record of the conversation at the time.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWando stood along maritime routes connecting China and Japan. Knowledge of the surrounding waterways helped with operating the base. Cheonghaejin used this location for military activity and trade.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"overflow-x-auto\"\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eFoundation\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eConnection to Cheonghaejin's operations\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Foundation\"\u003eRoyal authorization\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Connection to Cheonghaejin's operations\"\u003eAuthority to carry out missions against pirates\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Foundation\"\u003eMilitary service in Tang\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Connection to Cheonghaejin's operations\"\u003eExperience useful for commanding troops\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Foundation\"\u003eWando's geographical location\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Connection to Cheonghaejin's operations\"\u003eA base with access to southwestern sea routes\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Foundation\"\u003eSilla communities living in Tang\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Connection to Cheonghaejin's operations\"\u003ePersonal connections linking navigation and trade\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#key-dates-in-jang-bogos-life-and-cheonghaejins-history\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"key-dates-in-jang-bogos-life-and-cheonghaejins-history\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eKey Dates in Jang Bogo's Life and Cheonghaejin's History\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe years of Cheonghaejin's establishment and abolition are confirmed, but records differ on the year of Jang Bogo's death. The timeline below presents events alongside their supporting sources. Months recorded in the lunar calendar have not been converted to the solar calendar.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"overflow-x-auto\"\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eYear or period\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eEvent\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eSupporting record or commentary\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Year or period\"\u003eBirth date unknown\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Event\"\u003eBirth year and family background are unclear\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Supporting record or commentary\"\u003e\n\u003cem\u003eSamguk sagi\u003c/em\u003e, volume 44, biographies of Jang Bogo and Jeong Nyeon\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Year or period\"\u003eBefore 828\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Event\"\u003eServed as a soldier in Tang's Wuning Army\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Supporting record or commentary\"\u003e\n\u003cem\u003eSamguk sagi\u003c/em\u003e, volumes 10 and 44\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Year or period\"\u003e4th lunar month of 828\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Event\"\u003eEstablishment of Cheonghaejin under Jang Bogo's command\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Supporting record or commentary\"\u003e\n\u003cem\u003eSamguk sagi\u003c/em\u003e, volume 10, entry for the 3rd year of King Heungdeok's reign\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Year or period\"\u003e839\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Event\"\u003eProvided military support for Kim Ujing's accession as King Sinmu\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Supporting record or commentary\"\u003eAnnotations on Jang Bogo in the Korean History Database\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Year or period\"\u003e839\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Event\"\u003eEnnin recorded the relationship between Chishan Fahua Temple and Jang Bogo\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Supporting record or commentary\"\u003e\n\u003cem\u003eRecord of a Pilgrimage to China in Search of the Law\u003c/em\u003e, volume 2\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Year or period\"\u003e841 or 846\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Event\"\u003eKilled by Yeom Jang; records differ on the year of death\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Supporting record or commentary\"\u003eCommentary on the \u003cem\u003eShoku Nihon Kōki\u003c/em\u003e; Silla Annals in the \u003cem\u003eSamguk sagi\u003c/em\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Year or period\"\u003e851\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Event\"\u003eAbolition of Cheonghaejin and relocation of its residents to Byeokgol County\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Supporting record or commentary\"\u003eOur History Net, “Cheonghaejin”\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#jang-bogos-achievements-and-the-structure-of-international-trade\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"jang-bogos-achievements-and-the-structure-of-international-trade\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eJang Bogo's Achievements and the Structure of International Trade\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHis main achievements were protecting Silla people and expanding international trade networks. The \u003cem\u003eFanchuan wenji\u003c/em\u003e states that the buying and selling of Silla people disappeared after Cheonghaejin was established. This record describes his success in curbing human trafficking.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, that wording cannot be read as a statistical account of victims. Detailed operational records of campaigns against pirates have not been identified. There is also insufficient evidence to calculate the number of battles or the rate of decline in losses.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTrade took place through connections between Cheonghaejin and Silla people living abroad. Silla settlements, such as Sillabang, existed along the Tang coast. Their merchants and sailors formed the foundation of maritime exchange.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"overflow-x-auto\"\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eRegion or base\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eRole in exchange\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Region or base\"\u003eCheonghaejin on Wando\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Role in exchange\"\u003eBase directing military activity and trade\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Region or base\"\u003eTang's Shandong Peninsula and eastern coast\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Role in exchange\"\u003eBase for Silla communities and trading activity\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Region or base\"\u003eJapan's Kyushu region\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Role in exchange\"\u003eRegion trading with Jang Bogo's fleet in Japan\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Region or base\"\u003eChishan Fahua Temple\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Role in exchange\"\u003eTemple illustrating Silla community life and Buddhist exchange\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTrade missions sent to Japan were called hoeyeoksa. Our History Net lists ceramics, silk, and aromatics among the goods traded. However, it is difficult to give figures for the fleet's total trade volume or profits.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePeople and news traveled by sea along with goods. The Japanese monk Ennin (圓仁) left the \u003cem\u003eRecord of a Pilgrimage to China in Search of the Law\u003c/em\u003e. It describes the operation of Chishan Fahua Temple, which Jang Bogo founded.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#intervention-in-the-royal-succession-and-the-abolition-of-cheonghaejin\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"intervention-in-the-royal-succession-and-the-abolition-of-cheonghaejin\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eIntervention in the Royal Succession and the Abolition of Cheonghaejin\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe power Jang Bogo secured at sea also influenced Silla's central politics. His support contributed to King Sinmu's accession in 839. Cheonghaejin was a force capable of intervening militarily in the royal succession.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA later attempt to arrange a marriage with the royal family met opposition from aristocrats. The \u003cem\u003eSamguk sagi\u003c/em\u003e links the failure of his daughter's marriage plans to rebellion. Jang Bogo was eventually killed by Yeom Jang.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe status hierarchy and power struggles were intertwined in these events. The historical work's characterization of the events as a rebellion also reflects its perspective. It is difficult to explain them solely in terms of either personal ambition or status discrimination.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCheonghaejin was not abolished immediately after Jang Bogo's death. The court abolished it in \u003cstrong\u003e851\u003c/strong\u003e. Its residents were relocated to Byeokgol County, in what is now the Gimje area.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe abolition of Cheonghaejin meant that operations at that base had ended. It did not mean the end of maritime trade by Silla people as a whole. Our History Net describes the subsequent activities of maritime forces in other regions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#records-and-interpretations\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"records-and-interpretations\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eRecords and Interpretations\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhen discussing Jang Bogo, the wording of the records must be distinguished from researchers' judgments. Sources can differ on the dates or details of the same event. The distinctions below separate established facts from unresolved issues.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#what-the-records-state-directly\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"what-the-records-state-directly\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eWhat the Records State Directly\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003eSamguk sagi\u003c/em\u003e records 10,000 troops and the establishment of Cheonghaejin. The biography states that the buying and selling of Silla people ceased after its establishment. The Silla Annals place Jang Bogo's death among the events of 846.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003eRecord of a Pilgrimage to China in Search of the Law\u003c/em\u003e preserves observations about Chishan Fahua Temple. This account reveals Silla community life beyond Cheonghaejin. It helps identify the foundations of exchange that military activities alone do not reveal.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#interpretations-commonly-discussed-in-research-commentary\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"interpretations-commonly-discussed-in-research-commentary\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eInterpretations Commonly Discussed in Research Commentary\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCommentaries by the National Institute of Korean History discuss Jang Bogo as both a military officer and a maritime trader. They also explain Cheonghaejin's growth through the combination of military power and international trade. They discuss his characteristics as a member of the powerful local elite whose influence rested on regional wealth and armed strength.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe term “King of the Seas” is a nickname summarizing this influence. It does not mean that he became the king of a separate state. Claims that he directly ruled all Silla people abroad also require caution.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#issues-that-are-difficult-to-resolve\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"issues-that-are-difficult-to-resolve\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eIssues That Are Difficult to Resolve\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe records alone do not establish how the 10,000 troops were actually raised. Our History Net's “Cheonghaejin” interprets this figure as the upper limit on the number he could command. This differs from the explanation that all the troops were dispatched by the central government.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"overflow-x-auto\"\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eIssue\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eDifferences between records and commentary\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eLimits when describing it\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Issue\"\u003e10,000 troops\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Differences between records and commentary\"\u003eA troop count in the historical work versus an interpretation focused on command authority\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Limits when describing it\"\u003eDifficult to treat as an actual deployment roster\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Issue\"\u003eYear of death\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Differences between records and commentary\"\u003e846 in the \u003cem\u003eSamguk sagi\u003c/em\u003e versus 841 based on Japanese records\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Limits when describing it\"\u003eThe source being followed must be identified\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Issue\"\u003eBirthplace\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Differences between records and commentary\"\u003eAn unknown hometown in the biography versus claims of origin in Wando\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Limits when describing it\"\u003eHis base of operations must be distinguished from his birthplace\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Issue\"\u003eSuppression of pirates\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Differences between records and commentary\"\u003eRecords describing success versus the absence of operational records\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Limits when describing it\"\u003eDifficult to give the scale of battles or a suppression rate\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOur History Net's “Cheonghaejin” adopts 841 as the year of his death. The biographical heading in its “Jang Bogo” entry uses 846. This shows that commentaries from the same institution can select different dates.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#does-agreement-across-sources-mean-independent-testimony\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"does-agreement-across-sources-mean-independent-testimony\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eDoes Agreement Across Sources Mean Independent Testimony?\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEven when there are many sources, they do not all constitute independent evidence. Jang Bogo's biography in the \u003cem\u003eSamguk sagi\u003c/em\u003e draws extensively on a text by Du Mu. Du Mu's text appears in the \u003cem\u003eFanchuan wenji\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt is therefore necessary to establish how the same information came to be repeated. An account copied from an earlier source differs from a separate firsthand observation. This issue can easily be overlooked when citing Jang Bogo's achievements.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"overflow-x-auto\"\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eType of source\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eWhat it can establish\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eLimitations to consider\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Type of source\"\u003eBiography drawing on an earlier text\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"What it can establish\"\u003eAssessments of a person and the transmission of accounts of events\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Limitations to consider\"\u003ePossible reliance on the same original source\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Type of source\"\u003eTraveler's account\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"What it can establish\"\u003eObservations of places visited and exchanges witnessed\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Limitations to consider\"\u003eDifference between direct observation and information heard from others\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Type of source\"\u003eExcavated sites and artifacts\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"What it can establish\"\u003eLocations of facilities and material traces\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Limitations to consider\"\u003eDifficult to prove the actions of a particular person\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEnnin did not personally witness every event he recorded either. For example, he received news of the royal succession from others. When citing historical sources, observations must be distinguished from secondhand reports.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#the-wando-site-and-its-meaning-today\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"the-wando-site-and-its-meaning-today\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eThe Wando Site and Its Meaning Today\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eArchaeological remains on Jangdo in Wando offer evidence of Cheonghaejin's activities. Excavations have identified fortifications and building sites, among other remains. Wando County's site guide introduces traces of wooden palisades, roof tiles, and pottery.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis site provides material evidence that can be compared with written sources. However, the presence of facilities does not substantiate every account of a battle. It is difficult to link excavation findings directly to individual stories about Jang Bogo.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis case illustrates the relationship between safe sea routes and trade. Connecting the facts discussed above also brings the protection of residents into that relationship. This is an analysis intended to help explain Cheonghaejin's functions together.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe political conditions that sustained trade also need separate examination. Cheonghaejin achieved results, but it was abolished after conflict with the royal family. This shows that the security of sea routes and the continued existence of the base were separate matters.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#frequently-asked-questions\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"frequently-asked-questions\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eFrequently Asked Questions\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#was-cheonghaejin-a-military-base-or-a-trading-port\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"was-cheonghaejin-a-military-base-or-a-trading-port\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eWas Cheonghaejin a Military Base or a Trading Port?\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCheonghaejin was a maritime military base established to counter pirates. It later also served as a hub for international trade. It can be understood as a place that combined both functions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#did-jang-bogo-eliminate-all-pirates\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"did-jang-bogo-eliminate-all-pirates\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eDid Jang Bogo Eliminate All Pirates?\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSome records state that the buying and selling of Silla people ceased. However, it is difficult to establish whether he eliminated all pirates throughout the waters concerned. This is because detailed operational records and statistics on losses have not survived.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#was-jang-bogo-a-king\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"was-jang-bogo-a-king\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eWas Jang Bogo a King?\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJang Bogo was a Silla figure who served as commissioner of Cheonghaejin. “King of the Seas” is a later nickname emphasizing his influence. It should not be used to mean that he was the monarch of an independent state.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#was-cheonghaejin-abolished-in-the-year-jang-bogo-died\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"was-cheonghaejin-abolished-in-the-year-jang-bogo-died\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eWas Cheonghaejin Abolished in the Year Jang Bogo Died?\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCheonghaejin was abolished after Jang Bogo's death. The year of its abolition was 851. Whether his death is dated to 841 or 846, the two events remain distinct.\u003c/p\u003e\n","tags":["Ancient Korean History","Cultural heritage"],"faqs":[{"question":"Who was Jang Bogo?","answer":"Jang Bogo was a Silla military officer and merchant in the first half of the 9th century. In 828, he established Cheonghaejin to counter piracy and the trafficking of Silla people. He later led trade between Silla, Tang, and Japan."},{"question":"Why was Cheonghaejin established?","answer":"To counter raids by pirates and the abduction and sale of Silla people. At the time, piracy threatened international trade and grain transport. The livelihoods of coastal residents also suffered."},{"question":"When and where was Cheonghaejin established?","answer":"Cheonghaejin was established in 828 in what is now Wando, Jeollanam-do. The Samguk Sagi dates this to the 4th lunar month of the 3rd year of King Heungdeok's reign. Related remains have been identified on Jangdo in Wando."},{"question":"Did Jang Bogo actually receive 10,000 troops?","answer":"The Samguk Sagi records a force of 10,000 troops. It is difficult to establish whether all of them were dispatched by the central government. The entry on Cheonghaejin in Our History Net interprets this as the upper limit of the troops he could command."},{"question":"What goods did Jang Bogo trade?","answer":"Our History Net lists ceramics, silk, and spices among the goods traded. The community of Silla people living in Tang formed the basis of this trade. The total trade volume and profits of the fleet are difficult to determine."},{"question":"Are Jang Bogo's year of birth and hometown known?","answer":"His year of birth is unknown. The biographies section of the Samguk Sagi states that his hometown and ancestry were unknown. The fact that Wando was his base of operations should be distinguished from establishing his birthplace."},{"question":"Why is Jang Bogo's year of death given as both 841 and 846?","answer":"Because different historical sources are used. The Samguk Sagi records it as an event in 846. Some commentaries adopt 841 based on Japanese records."},{"question":"When was Cheonghaejin abolished?","answer":"The Silla court abolished Cheonghaejin in 851. Its residents were relocated to Byeokgol-gun, in what is now the Gimje area. This does not mean that maritime trade by Silla people as a whole came to an end."},{"question":"How do Ennin's records help research on Jang Bogo?","answer":"Ennin's Record of a Pilgrimage to China in Search of the Law contains accounts related to Jeoksan Beophwawon. These offer insights into overseas Silla communities and Buddhist exchanges. However, firsthand observations must be distinguished from secondhand reports."},{"question":"If several historical works contain the same information, do they all count as independent evidence?","answer":"If they copied an earlier text, it is difficult to count them as independent evidence. The biography of Jang Bogo in the Samguk Sagi incorporated substantial portions of Du Mu's writing. Along with the number of accounts, the relationships between the texts must also be examined."}],"sources":[{"url":"https://contents.history.go.kr/front/hm/view.do?levelId=hm_034_0020","title":"National Institute of Korean History, Our History Net, Korean History Through Historical Sources, “Jang Bogo's Maritime Activities”","type":"source"},{"url":"https://contents.history.go.kr/mobile/kc/view.do?levelId=kc_r101460","title":"National Institute of Korean History, Our History Net, A Chronology of Korean History, “Cheonghaejin”","type":"source"},{"url":"https://db.history.go.kr/item/compareViewer.do?levelId=sg_010_0060_0130","title":"National Institute of Korean History, Korean History Database, Samguk Sagi, entry on the establishment of Cheonghaejin in year 3 of King Heungdeok's reign and annotations","type":"source"},{"url":"https://contents.history.go.kr/mobile/kc/view.do?levelId=kc_n101630","title":"National Institute of Korean History, Our History Net, A Chronology of Korean History, “Jang Bogo”","type":"source"},{"url":"https://contents.history.go.kr/front/hm/print.do?levelId=hm_034_0030\u0026tabId=01\u0026treeId=010302\u0026whereStr=","title":"National Institute of Korean History, Our History Net, “Jang Bogo as Recorded in Record of a Pilgrimage to Tang China in Search of the Dharma”","type":"source"},{"url":"https://contents.history.go.kr/front/km/view.do?levelId=km_030_0030_0030","title":"National Institute of Korean History, Our History Net, Korean Cultural History, “An Eternal Citizen of the World, Jang Bogo”","type":"source"},{"url":"https://www.wando.go.kr/tour/sub.cs?m=20","title":"Wando County, Wando Culture and Tourism, “Cheonghaejin Historic Site in Wando”","type":"source"}],"images":[{"id":2103,"url":"https://injoys.com/rails/active_storage/blobs/proxy/eyJfcmFpbHMiOnsiZGF0YSI6MzIzMzIsInB1ciI6ImJsb2JfaWQifX0=--3354fd845d77b44792e041128eebc1a66b6e53de/ai-c407464c.webp","is_representative":false,"generation_method":"ai_semi","license":"ai_generated","mime_type":"image/webp","width":1536,"height":1024,"translations":{"ko":{"alt":"목책을 두른 해안 거점으로 통나무를 나르는 인부들과 숲이 우거진 섬 사이를 오가는 돛단배들","caption":"청해진은 해적에 맞서 연안 주민과 해상 운송을 보호하기 위한 거점이었다.","description":null},"en":{"alt":"Workers carry logs toward a coastal stockade, with sailing boats among wooded islands offshore.","caption":"Cheonghaejin served as a base to protect coastal communities and shipping from pirates.","description":null},"ja":{"alt":"海岸の柵で囲まれた拠点へ丸太を運ぶ人々と、木々に覆われた島々の間を行き交う帆船","caption":"清海鎮は海賊から沿岸住民と海上輸送を守るための拠点だった。","description":null},"es":{"alt":"Trabajadores llevan troncos hacia una empalizada costera, con veleros entre islas boscosas.","caption":"Cheonghaejin sirvió de base para proteger a las comunidades costeras y el transporte marítimo de los piratas.","description":null},"id":{"alt":"Para pekerja membawa kayu ke benteng pesisir, dengan perahu layar di antara pulau-pulau berhutan.","caption":"Cheonghaejin menjadi pangkalan untuk melindungi masyarakat pesisir dan angkutan laut dari bajak laut.","description":null},"pt":{"alt":"Trabalhadores levam troncos até uma paliçada costeira, com veleiros entre ilhas arborizadas.","caption":"Cheonghaejin serviu de base para proteger as comunidades costeiras e o transporte marítimo contra piratas.","description":null},"zh-hant":{"alt":"工人將原木搬往木柵圍起的海岸據點，帆船穿行於林木茂密的島嶼之間","caption":"清海鎮是抵禦海盜、保護沿岸居民與海上運輸的據點。","description":null},"de":{"alt":"Arbeiter tragen Holz zu einer Küstenbefestigung; Segelboote liegen zwischen bewaldeten Inseln.","caption":"Cheonghaejin diente als Stützpunkt zum Schutz der Küstenbevölkerung und der Schifffahrt vor Piraten.","description":null}}},{"id":2104,"url":"https://injoys.com/rails/active_storage/blobs/proxy/eyJfcmFpbHMiOnsiZGF0YSI6MzIzMzgsInB1ciI6ImJsb2JfaWQifX0=--53acc64cba8189d98dc1cb94db0cf7e3eee91ca2/ai-fe0769df.webp","is_representative":false,"generation_method":"ai_semi","license":"ai_generated","mime_type":"image/webp","width":1536,"height":1024,"translations":{"ko":{"alt":"항아리와 직물, 자루, 밧줄이 쌓인 창고 너머로 짐을 나르는 인부들과 범선이 정박한 항구","caption":"장보고는 청해진을 기반으로 신라·당·일본을 잇는 국제 교역을 이끌었다.","description":null},"en":{"alt":"Jars, textiles, sacks and rope in a waterfront storehouse overlooking dockworkers and moored sailing ships","caption":"Jang Bogo led trade linking Silla, Tang China and Japan through Cheonghaejin.","description":null},"ja":{"alt":"壺や織物、袋、綱が積まれた倉庫の向こうに、荷を運ぶ人々と帆船が停泊する港が広がる","caption":"張保皐は清海鎮を拠点に、新羅・唐・日本を結ぶ国際交易を主導した。","description":null},"es":{"alt":"Vasijas, telas, sacos y cuerdas en un almacén frente a un puerto con estibadores y veleros amarrados","caption":"Jang Bogo impulsó desde Cheonghaejin el comercio entre Silla, la China Tang y Japón.","description":null},"id":{"alt":"Guci, kain, karung dan tali di gudang tepi laut, dengan pekerja pelabuhan dan kapal layar yang tertambat","caption":"Jang Bogo memimpin perdagangan yang menghubungkan Silla, Tiongkok era Tang, dan Jepang melalui Cheonghaejin.","description":null},"pt":{"alt":"Potes, tecidos, sacos e cordas num armazém diante de um porto com estivadores e veleiros atracados","caption":"Jang Bogo liderou, a partir de Cheonghaejin, o comércio entre Silla, a China Tang e o Japão.","description":null},"zh-hant":{"alt":"濱海倉庫堆放陶罐、布匹、麻袋與繩索，外面是搬運貨物的工人和停泊帆船的港口","caption":"張保皋以清海鎮為據點，主導連結新羅、唐朝與日本的國際貿易。","description":null},"de":{"alt":"Krüge, Stoffe, Säcke und Taue in einem Lager vor einem Hafen mit Hafenarbeitern und vertäuten Segelschiffen","caption":"Jang Bogo leitete von Cheonghaejin aus den Handel zwischen Silla, Tang-China und Japan.","description":null}}}],"published_at":"2026-10-24T10:37:17+09:00","updated_at":"2026-10-24T10:37:17+09:00","license":"cc_by","translation_status":"reviewed","available_locales":["ko","en","ja","es"],"data_locales":["ko","en","ja","es","id","pt","zh-hant","de"],"url":"https://injoys.com/en/articles/jang-bogo-cheonghaejin-foundation-and-maritime-trade"}