{"content_id":"daogjlnx63","slug":"daedongbeop-1651-chungcheong-kim-yuk","locale":"en","schema_type":"Article","category":"case_study","category_name":"Case Study","title":"Daedong Law in Chungcheong in 1651: Kim Yuk's Role","summary":"After the Manchu invasion, Kim Yuk pushed for tribute reform in Chungcheong despite opposition rooted in concerns over fiscal shortfalls. The implementation of the Hoseo Daedong Law in 1651 and the significance of its later expansion can be examined through its initial tax rate and allocation of funds for local expenses.","sponsorship_disclosure":null,"affiliate_disclosure":null,"commerce_disclosure":null,"author":{"name":"Injoys Editorial Team","url":"https://injoys.com/ko/about"},"key_points":["The Daedong Law was a tax and fiscal system that changed tribute obligations to assessments based on land area measured in gyeol.","Kim Yuk's 1638 proposal did not lead to implementation, but after Hyojong's accession, supportive officials joined efforts to implement the law in Chungcheong first.","In 1651, the Hoseo Daedong Law initially set an annual rate of 10 du of rice per 1 gyeol of land, with 5 du collected each spring and autumn.","The Hoseo Daedong Law was designed to allocate collected revenue to local expenses and send the remainder to the central government.","The decision to implement the law in 1651 must be distinguished from the refinement of its detailed rules in 1654; the later rate of 12 du must not be applied to Chungcheong's initial implementation."],"content_markdown":"Kim Yuk pushed to expand the Daedong Law after the Byeongja War despite opposition rooted in concerns about insufficient state revenue. Through memorials to the throne and court discussions, he secured its implementation in Chungcheong Province in 1651. This reform is remembered for adjusting tribute burdens and laying the groundwork for later expansion.\n\nThis article follows the records of the *Annals of Hyojong* available through the National Archives of Korea and was verified as of October 2026.\n\n## How Did the System Change Tribute Payments?\n\nThe Daedong Law changed the basis for tribute obligations to the number of gyeol of land. Tribute had required people to supply local specialties and other goods needed by the state. After the reform, payments could be made in rice, cloth, or money, depending on local conditions.\n\nPreviously, people had to obtain the tribute goods assigned to their local districts. They were sometimes required to supply items that were difficult to find locally. Contractors who paid tribute on their behalf sometimes demanded excessive compensation.\n\n| Category | Previous tribute system | Basic approach of the Daedong Law |\n|---|---|---|\n| Basis of assessment | Tribute goods assigned to a district were divided among households and others | Assessed according to the number of gyeol of land |\n| Items paid | Specified local specialties and other goods in kind | Rice, cloth, or money, depending on the region |\n| Procurement for government offices | Districts obtained goods and delivered them to the central government | Required goods were purchased with the revenue collected |\n| Local expenses | Additional collections occurred | Expenses were allocated from the Daedong tax |\n\nThe Daedong tax was separate from jeonse, the existing land tax. It therefore did not mean that all taxes in Joseon were combined into one. Its scope as a tribute reform can be confirmed in [Our History Net, “Implementation of the Daedong Law”](https://contents.history.go.kr/front/hm/view.do?levelId=hm_102_0040).\n\n## Why the Daedong Law Stalled After the Byeongja War\n\nAfter the war, calls to ease the people's burden clashed with concerns about insufficient state revenue. Repeated wars had devastated rural communities. The revenue the state could collect had also declined.\n\nKim Yuk proposed implementing the law after becoming governor of Chungcheong Province in 1638. Opponents argued, however, that changing the system would be difficult amid the postwar turmoil. Some also argued that the Daedong Law would leave the state short of revenue.\n\nOpponents also proposed revising the gongan first. The gongan was a register listing the types and quantities of tribute goods assigned to each district. This proposal focused on reducing unsuitable assignments and excessive quantities.\n\n| Issue | Approach of Daedong Law advocates | Arguments for opposition or delay |\n|---|---|---|\n| How to reduce the burden | Convert tribute into a fixed obligation based on land | First revise the items and quantities in the gongan |\n| State finances | Allocate necessary spending within a defined revenue base | Concern that the new system might leave revenue insufficient |\n| Local expenses | Include local spending in the Daedong tax | Difficulties associated with changing existing ways of funding expenses |\n\nPeople with extensive landholdings could face a greater burden. The reform also restricted local officials' ability to collect funds for expenses at their discretion. Still, the motives of all opponents cannot be reduced to a single explanation.\n\n## Kim Yuk's Proposals and Implementation in Chungcheong First\n\nAfter Hyojong's accession, officials who supported the reform became involved in policymaking, changing the conditions for its advancement. Kim Yuk became Right State Councilor and renewed his call for implementation. Jo Ik and Yi Si-bang also supported the Daedong Law.\n\nKim Yuk requested implementation in both Chungcheong and Jeolla Provinces. Debate continued at court. Ultimately, the court adopted the approach of implementing it in Chungcheong first.\n\nIn volume 7 of the *Annals of Hyojong*, the third entry for the 24th day of the 8th lunar month in year 2 of Hyojong's reign is the key record of the decision. It reports that Kim Yuk pointed out the uneven burdens in Chungcheong Province. Hyojong discussed the advantages and disadvantages of implementation with his officials. The result was a decision to **implement the law in Chungcheong Province first in 1651**.\n\nKim Yuk's role lay in his repeated proposals and efforts to advance a concrete implementation plan. Implementation also required the participation of supportive officials and the king's decision. The people involved and the political conditions are covered together in [Our History Net, “Kim Yuk”](https://contents.history.go.kr/mobile/kc/view.do?code=\u0026levelId=kc_n302200).\n\n## Timeline of the Daedong Law's Expansion\n\nExpansion began in Gyeonggi Province in 1608 and proceeded through regional implementation and revisions. Chungcheong Province had also experienced an earlier implementation that was discontinued. The 1651 decision marked a turning point in renewing the reform.\n\n| Year or date | Event | Source |\n|---|---|---|\n| 1608 | Gyeonggi Seonhye Law implemented in Gyeonggi Province | National Archives of Korea, “How Was the Daedong Law Implemented?” |\n| 1623 | Expansion to Gangwon, Chungcheong, and Jeolla Provinces pursued | Same National Archives of Korea commentary |\n| 1625 | Gangwon Province continued implementation after the abolition of the Samdo Daedongcheong | *Annals of Injo* and commentary available through the National Archives of Korea |\n| 1638 | Kim Yuk, governor of Chungcheong Province, proposed implementation | Our History Net, “Kim Yuk” |\n| 1649 | Kim Yuk and others pursued expansion after Hyojong's accession | Our History Net, “Kim Yuk” |\n| 24th day of the 8th lunar month, 1651 | Decision to implement the law in Chungcheong Province first | *Annals of Hyojong*, volume 7, third entry |\n| 1654 | Detailed implementation rules for Chungcheong Province revised and supplemented | Encyclopedia of Korean Culture, “Daedong Law” |\n| 1658 and 1662 | Expansion to coastal areas of Jeolla Province, followed by inland mountainous areas | National Archives of Korea commentary |\n| 1666 | Sangjeong Law implemented in Hamgyeong Province | National Archives of Korea commentary |\n| 1678 | Daedong Law implemented in Gyeongsang Province | Our History Net, “Implementation of the Daedong Law” |\n| 1708 | Sangjeong Law implemented in Hwanghae Province | Our History Net, “Implementation of the Daedong Law” |\n\nThe Sangjeong Law set payment amounts according to each district's circumstances. It is therefore inaccurate to interpret nationwide expansion as a uniform tax rate in every region. Regional differences in implementation are explained in [Our History Net's commentary on historical sources](https://contents.history.go.kr/front/hm/view.do?levelId=hm_102_0040).\n\n## How Much Was Collected in Chungcheong Province in 1651?\n\nThe initial rate under the Hoseo Daedong Law was **10 du of rice annually per 1 gyeol of land**. It was collected in two installments of 5 du each, in spring and autumn. A du is a unit of grain volume, also called a mal.\n\n| Item | Details in the record of the 1651 implementation decision |\n|---|---|\n| Annual assessment | 10 du of rice per 1 gyeol of land |\n| Spring collection | 5 du of rice per 1 gyeol of land |\n| Autumn collection | 5 du of rice per 1 gyeol of land |\n| Alternative payment in mountainous districts | 1 pil of cotton cloth instead of 5 du of rice |\n| Local expenses | Allocated according to district size and necessary costs |\n| Remittance to the central government | Revenue remaining after allocations for local needs was transported to the Seonhyecheong |\n\nThese figures follow the [entry from the *Annals of Hyojong* provided by the National Archives of Korea](https://theme.archives.go.kr/next/sillok/sub3_3.do). It would be incorrect to apply the later, widely used rate of 12 du per 1 gyeol to this point in time. The alternative payment rate for mountainous districts must also be understood as a Chungcheong Province regulation of that period.\n\nThe gyeol was a taxation unit that accounted for land productivity. The actual area of 1 gyeol varied by land grade. It therefore cannot simply be converted into a fixed number of square meters. The nature of this unit is explained in the [Academy of Korean Studies entry “Land Grades”](https://dh.aks.ac.kr/sillokwiki/index.php/%EC%A0%84%ED%92%88%28%E7%94%B0%E5%93%81%29).\n\n## Why Local Expenses Were Specified Alongside the Tax\n\nAllocating funds for local expenses was a necessary part of the system for reducing additional collections. Simply replacing tribute goods sent to the central government with rice would leave the problem of district spending unresolved. Collecting those costs from the people again could reduce the reform's effects.\n\nThe Hoseo Daedong Law allocated funds for government office expenses according to district size. It also left funds for other local needs. The remainder was sent to the Seonhyecheong to meet the needs of central government offices.\n\n| Use of revenue | Function |\n|---|---|\n| Share allocated to districts | Cover the operating costs of government offices |\n| Revenue retained locally | Meet needs arising within the province |\n| Share sent to the Seonhyecheong | Cover the costs of goods and services needed by central government offices |\n\nThe records do not provide a single allocation ratio applicable to every district. The central and local shares therefore must not be calculated using an arbitrary ratio. The key to this design was that spending at both levels was included within a fixed revenue total.\n\n## What Did the Seonhyecheong and Gongin Do?\n\nThe Seonhyecheong was the government office that managed revenue collected under the Daedong Law. The Hoseo Daedongcheong was established when the law was implemented in Chungcheong Province. As regional operations were brought together, the Seonhyecheong's responsibilities also expanded. These institutional changes are outlined in [Our History Net, “Seonhyecheong”](https://contents.history.go.kr/mobile/kc/view.do?code=kc_age_30\u0026levelId=kc_o300430).\n\nGongin were merchants who procured goods needed by government offices. They used payments received from the government to purchase or produce goods for delivery. These payments were called gongga.\n\n| Category | Tribute-payment contractors | Gongin |\n|---|---|---|\n| Main role | Pay tribute on behalf of districts | Procure goods for government offices |\n| Basic payment relationship | Demanded payment from people responsible for tribute obligations | Received procurement payments from the government |\n| Position within the system | Intermediaries who paid tribute under the previous system | Government-recognized procurement providers |\n\nThe reform linked government purchasing to market transactions. This is one way of explaining commercial development. However, the existence of gongin did not eliminate all problems with procurement costs. Budget and supply constraints can also be seen in [Our History Net, “Gongga”](https://contents.history.go.kr/front/tg/view.do?ganada=\u0026levelId=tg_003_1580\u0026pageUnit=10\u0026treeId=0100).\n\n## Records and Interpretation\n\nFacts directly stated in the records must be distinguished from later assessments. The implementation decision in the annals shows the system's goals and rules. A single entry cannot establish how actual burdens changed in every region.\n\n### What the Records Confirm\n\nThe 1651 entry records the decision to implement the law in Chungcheong Province first and the initial collection rates. It also describes allocating funds for local expenses before remitting the remainder to the central government. This provides evidence of the system's design at the time of implementation.\n\n### Significance Commonly Explained in Historical Commentaries\n\nPublic history commentaries explain both the adjustment of tribute burdens and changes in fiscal management. The National Archives of Korea highlights the practice of retaining funds for local expenses. Our History Net explains the connection between gongin procurement activities and commerce.\n\nThe Encyclopedia of Korean Culture emphasizes the additions to the detailed rules in 1654. This means the system continued to be refined after the 1651 implementation decision. The [relevant entry](https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0014246) also distinguishes the Gyeonggi Seonhye Law from the refined Daedong Law.\n\n### Differences in Interpretation and Limits of Verification\n\nWhere the reform's starting point is placed depends on the focus of the explanation. Some interpretations distinguish the experimental system of 1608 from the refined system in Chungcheong Province. Treating this as a simple error in dates obscures changes in the system.\n\nThe rate at which farmers' burdens decreased cannot be calculated from the records examined in this article alone. That would require comparing previous tribute burdens with the amounts actually collected in additional levies. Presenting a specific figure or a nationwide average effect would require separate regional studies.\n\n## Why the Implementation Year and Tax Rate Must Be Recorded Together\n\nWhen citing historical information, figures must be accompanied by the region and stage of implementation. Rules changed even under the same system name. In this case, it is useful to distinguish the date of the decision from the timing of subsequent revisions.\n\n| Record item | Information to retain in this case | Misunderstanding if omitted |\n|---|---|---|\n| Region | Chungcheong Province | Mistaken for a nationwide rule |\n| Point in time | At the time of the 1651 implementation decision | Confused with later tax rates |\n| Unit and period | 10 du of rice annually per 1 gyeol of land | Mistaken for a seasonal collection amount or a household obligation |\n| Calendar system | 24th day of the 8th lunar month in year 2 of Hyojong's reign | Mistaken for a solar-calendar date |\n| Nature of the event | Implementation decision | Confused with completion of the detailed rules |\n\nThis table organizes the preceding records into a form suitable for citation. It does not add new historical figures or conditions. It allows the scope of a statement to be checked even when that sentence is found separately in a search.\n\n## The Monument and Reading History Today\n\nThe Monument to the Implementation of the Daedong Law in Pyeongtaek shows how the reform was remembered. It was erected in 1659. Its inscription honors Kim Yuk's achievements. The year of construction and information about the inscription can be found on the [National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage's National Heritage Knowledge Portal](https://portal.nrich.go.kr/kor/ksmUsrView.do?ksm_idx=1825\u0026menuIdx=584).\n\nThe annals and the monument are records that answer different questions. The annals document discussions and implementation rules. The monument reveals contemporary assessments honoring the reform.\n\nToday, this case is valuable for examining tax assessment and spending together. Even with the same tax rate, operations differ depending on how local expenses are funded. Kim Yuk's activities can also be understood within this process of design and adjustment.\n\n## Frequently Asked Questions\n\n### Was Kim Yuk the First Person to Create the Daedong Law?\n\nThe Gyeonggi Seonhye Law was implemented in Gyeonggi Province in 1608, before Kim Yuk's efforts. Kim Yuk contributed to implementation in Chungcheong Province and helped lay the groundwork for later expansion. The system's beginnings must be distinguished from the role of leading its expansion.\n\n### Did Chungcheong Province Pay 12 du from the Start?\n\nAt the time of the 1651 implementation decision, the annual rate was 10 du of rice per 1 gyeol. Collections were divided into 5 du each in spring and autumn. The later rate of 12 du must not be applied to this point in time.\n\n### Did Mountainous Districts with Little Rice Pay in the Same Way?\n\nThe early Hoseo Daedong Law allowed payment in cotton cloth instead. Mountainous districts could pay 1 pil of cotton cloth instead of 5 du of rice. This exchange rate cannot be applied to all regions and periods.\n\n### Which Year Is Correct, 1651 or 1654?\n\n1651 is the reference year for the decision to implement the law in Chungcheong Province. 1654 is when the detailed rules were supplemented, as emphasized by the Encyclopedia of Korean Culture. The two years refer to different stages in the system's formation.\n\n### Did the Daedong Law Abolish All Taxes?\n\nThe Daedong Law was a reform centered on tribute. Jeonse, the existing land tax, remained separate. It is therefore inaccurate to say that paying the Daedong tax alone ended all obligations.","content_html":"\u003cp\u003eKim Yuk pushed to expand the Daedong Law after the Byeongja War despite opposition rooted in concerns about insufficient state revenue. Through memorials to the throne and court discussions, he secured its implementation in Chungcheong Province in 1651. This reform is remembered for adjusting tribute burdens and laying the groundwork for later expansion.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis article follows the records of the \u003cem\u003eAnnals of Hyojong\u003c/em\u003e available through the National Archives of Korea and was verified as of October 2026.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#how-did-the-system-change-tribute-payments\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"how-did-the-system-change-tribute-payments\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eHow Did the System Change Tribute Payments?\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Daedong Law changed the basis for tribute obligations to the number of gyeol of land. Tribute had required people to supply local specialties and other goods needed by the state. After the reform, payments could be made in rice, cloth, or money, depending on local conditions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePreviously, people had to obtain the tribute goods assigned to their local districts. They were sometimes required to supply items that were difficult to find locally. Contractors who paid tribute on their behalf sometimes demanded excessive compensation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"overflow-x-auto\"\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eCategory\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003ePrevious tribute system\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eBasic approach of the Daedong Law\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Category\"\u003eBasis of assessment\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Previous tribute system\"\u003eTribute goods assigned to a district were divided among households and others\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Basic approach of the Daedong Law\"\u003eAssessed according to the number of gyeol of land\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Category\"\u003eItems paid\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Previous tribute system\"\u003eSpecified local specialties and other goods in kind\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Basic approach of the Daedong Law\"\u003eRice, cloth, or money, depending on the region\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Category\"\u003eProcurement for government offices\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Previous tribute system\"\u003eDistricts obtained goods and delivered them to the central government\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Basic approach of the Daedong Law\"\u003eRequired goods were purchased with the revenue collected\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Category\"\u003eLocal expenses\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Previous tribute system\"\u003eAdditional collections occurred\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Basic approach of the Daedong Law\"\u003eExpenses were allocated from the Daedong tax\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Daedong tax was separate from jeonse, the existing land tax. It therefore did not mean that all taxes in Joseon were combined into one. Its scope as a tribute reform can be confirmed in \u003ca href=\"https://contents.history.go.kr/front/hm/view.do?levelId=hm_102_0040\"\u003eOur History Net, “Implementation of the Daedong Law”\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#why-the-daedong-law-stalled-after-the-byeongja-war\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"why-the-daedong-law-stalled-after-the-byeongja-war\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eWhy the Daedong Law Stalled After the Byeongja War\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAfter the war, calls to ease the people's burden clashed with concerns about insufficient state revenue. Repeated wars had devastated rural communities. The revenue the state could collect had also declined.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKim Yuk proposed implementing the law after becoming governor of Chungcheong Province in 1638. Opponents argued, however, that changing the system would be difficult amid the postwar turmoil. Some also argued that the Daedong Law would leave the state short of revenue.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOpponents also proposed revising the gongan first. The gongan was a register listing the types and quantities of tribute goods assigned to each district. This proposal focused on reducing unsuitable assignments and excessive quantities.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"overflow-x-auto\"\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eIssue\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eApproach of Daedong Law advocates\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eArguments for opposition or delay\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Issue\"\u003eHow to reduce the burden\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Approach of Daedong Law advocates\"\u003eConvert tribute into a fixed obligation based on land\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Arguments for opposition or delay\"\u003eFirst revise the items and quantities in the gongan\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Issue\"\u003eState finances\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Approach of Daedong Law advocates\"\u003eAllocate necessary spending within a defined revenue base\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Arguments for opposition or delay\"\u003eConcern that the new system might leave revenue insufficient\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Issue\"\u003eLocal expenses\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Approach of Daedong Law advocates\"\u003eInclude local spending in the Daedong tax\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Arguments for opposition or delay\"\u003eDifficulties associated with changing existing ways of funding expenses\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePeople with extensive landholdings could face a greater burden. The reform also restricted local officials' ability to collect funds for expenses at their discretion. Still, the motives of all opponents cannot be reduced to a single explanation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#kim-yuks-proposals-and-implementation-in-chungcheong-first\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"kim-yuks-proposals-and-implementation-in-chungcheong-first\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eKim Yuk's Proposals and Implementation in Chungcheong First\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAfter Hyojong's accession, officials who supported the reform became involved in policymaking, changing the conditions for its advancement. Kim Yuk became Right State Councilor and renewed his call for implementation. Jo Ik and Yi Si-bang also supported the Daedong Law.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKim Yuk requested implementation in both Chungcheong and Jeolla Provinces. Debate continued at court. Ultimately, the court adopted the approach of implementing it in Chungcheong first.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn volume 7 of the \u003cem\u003eAnnals of Hyojong\u003c/em\u003e, the third entry for the 24th day of the 8th lunar month in year 2 of Hyojong's reign is the key record of the decision. It reports that Kim Yuk pointed out the uneven burdens in Chungcheong Province. Hyojong discussed the advantages and disadvantages of implementation with his officials. The result was a decision to \u003cstrong\u003eimplement the law in Chungcheong Province first in 1651\u003c/strong\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKim Yuk's role lay in his repeated proposals and efforts to advance a concrete implementation plan. Implementation also required the participation of supportive officials and the king's decision. The people involved and the political conditions are covered together in \u003ca href=\"https://contents.history.go.kr/mobile/kc/view.do?code=\u0026amp;levelId=kc_n302200\"\u003eOur History Net, “Kim Yuk”\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#timeline-of-the-daedong-laws-expansion\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"timeline-of-the-daedong-laws-expansion\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eTimeline of the Daedong Law's Expansion\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExpansion began in Gyeonggi Province in 1608 and proceeded through regional implementation and revisions. Chungcheong Province had also experienced an earlier implementation that was discontinued. The 1651 decision marked a turning point in renewing the reform.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"overflow-x-auto\"\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eYear or date\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eEvent\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eSource\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Year or date\"\u003e1608\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Event\"\u003eGyeonggi Seonhye Law implemented in Gyeonggi Province\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Source\"\u003eNational Archives of Korea, “How Was the Daedong Law Implemented?”\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Year or date\"\u003e1623\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Event\"\u003eExpansion to Gangwon, Chungcheong, and Jeolla Provinces pursued\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Source\"\u003eSame National Archives of Korea commentary\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Year or date\"\u003e1625\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Event\"\u003eGangwon Province continued implementation after the abolition of the Samdo Daedongcheong\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Source\"\u003e\n\u003cem\u003eAnnals of Injo\u003c/em\u003e and commentary available through the National Archives of Korea\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Year or date\"\u003e1638\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Event\"\u003eKim Yuk, governor of Chungcheong Province, proposed implementation\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Source\"\u003eOur History Net, “Kim Yuk”\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Year or date\"\u003e1649\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Event\"\u003eKim Yuk and others pursued expansion after Hyojong's accession\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Source\"\u003eOur History Net, “Kim Yuk”\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Year or date\"\u003e24th day of the 8th lunar month, 1651\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Event\"\u003eDecision to implement the law in Chungcheong Province first\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Source\"\u003e\n\u003cem\u003eAnnals of Hyojong\u003c/em\u003e, volume 7, third entry\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Year or date\"\u003e1654\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Event\"\u003eDetailed implementation rules for Chungcheong Province revised and supplemented\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Source\"\u003eEncyclopedia of Korean Culture, “Daedong Law”\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Year or date\"\u003e1658 and 1662\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Event\"\u003eExpansion to coastal areas of Jeolla Province, followed by inland mountainous areas\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Source\"\u003eNational Archives of Korea commentary\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Year or date\"\u003e1666\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Event\"\u003eSangjeong Law implemented in Hamgyeong Province\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Source\"\u003eNational Archives of Korea commentary\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Year or date\"\u003e1678\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Event\"\u003eDaedong Law implemented in Gyeongsang Province\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Source\"\u003eOur History Net, “Implementation of the Daedong Law”\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Year or date\"\u003e1708\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Event\"\u003eSangjeong Law implemented in Hwanghae Province\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Source\"\u003eOur History Net, “Implementation of the Daedong Law”\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Sangjeong Law set payment amounts according to each district's circumstances. It is therefore inaccurate to interpret nationwide expansion as a uniform tax rate in every region. Regional differences in implementation are explained in \u003ca href=\"https://contents.history.go.kr/front/hm/view.do?levelId=hm_102_0040\"\u003eOur History Net's commentary on historical sources\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#how-much-was-collected-in-chungcheong-province-in-1651\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"how-much-was-collected-in-chungcheong-province-in-1651\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eHow Much Was Collected in Chungcheong Province in 1651?\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe initial rate under the Hoseo Daedong Law was \u003cstrong\u003e10 du of rice annually per 1 gyeol of land\u003c/strong\u003e. It was collected in two installments of 5 du each, in spring and autumn. A du is a unit of grain volume, also called a mal.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"overflow-x-auto\"\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eItem\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eDetails in the record of the 1651 implementation decision\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Item\"\u003eAnnual assessment\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Details in the record of the 1651 implementation decision\"\u003e10 du of rice per 1 gyeol of land\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Item\"\u003eSpring collection\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Details in the record of the 1651 implementation decision\"\u003e5 du of rice per 1 gyeol of land\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Item\"\u003eAutumn collection\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Details in the record of the 1651 implementation decision\"\u003e5 du of rice per 1 gyeol of land\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Item\"\u003eAlternative payment in mountainous districts\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Details in the record of the 1651 implementation decision\"\u003e1 pil of cotton cloth instead of 5 du of rice\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Item\"\u003eLocal expenses\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Details in the record of the 1651 implementation decision\"\u003eAllocated according to district size and necessary costs\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Item\"\u003eRemittance to the central government\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Details in the record of the 1651 implementation decision\"\u003eRevenue remaining after allocations for local needs was transported to the Seonhyecheong\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese figures follow the \u003ca href=\"https://theme.archives.go.kr/next/sillok/sub3_3.do\"\u003eentry from the \u003cem\u003eAnnals of Hyojong\u003c/em\u003e provided by the National Archives of Korea\u003c/a\u003e. It would be incorrect to apply the later, widely used rate of 12 du per 1 gyeol to this point in time. The alternative payment rate for mountainous districts must also be understood as a Chungcheong Province regulation of that period.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe gyeol was a taxation unit that accounted for land productivity. The actual area of 1 gyeol varied by land grade. It therefore cannot simply be converted into a fixed number of square meters. The nature of this unit is explained in the \u003ca href=\"https://dh.aks.ac.kr/sillokwiki/index.php/%EC%A0%84%ED%92%88%28%E7%94%B0%E5%93%81%29\"\u003eAcademy of Korean Studies entry “Land Grades”\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#why-local-expenses-were-specified-alongside-the-tax\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"why-local-expenses-were-specified-alongside-the-tax\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eWhy Local Expenses Were Specified Alongside the Tax\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAllocating funds for local expenses was a necessary part of the system for reducing additional collections. Simply replacing tribute goods sent to the central government with rice would leave the problem of district spending unresolved. Collecting those costs from the people again could reduce the reform's effects.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Hoseo Daedong Law allocated funds for government office expenses according to district size. It also left funds for other local needs. The remainder was sent to the Seonhyecheong to meet the needs of central government offices.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"overflow-x-auto\"\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eUse of revenue\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eFunction\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Use of revenue\"\u003eShare allocated to districts\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Function\"\u003eCover the operating costs of government offices\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Use of revenue\"\u003eRevenue retained locally\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Function\"\u003eMeet needs arising within the province\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Use of revenue\"\u003eShare sent to the Seonhyecheong\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Function\"\u003eCover the costs of goods and services needed by central government offices\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe records do not provide a single allocation ratio applicable to every district. The central and local shares therefore must not be calculated using an arbitrary ratio. The key to this design was that spending at both levels was included within a fixed revenue total.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#what-did-the-seonhyecheong-and-gongin-do\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"what-did-the-seonhyecheong-and-gongin-do\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eWhat Did the Seonhyecheong and Gongin Do?\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Seonhyecheong was the government office that managed revenue collected under the Daedong Law. The Hoseo Daedongcheong was established when the law was implemented in Chungcheong Province. As regional operations were brought together, the Seonhyecheong's responsibilities also expanded. These institutional changes are outlined in \u003ca href=\"https://contents.history.go.kr/mobile/kc/view.do?code=kc_age_30\u0026amp;levelId=kc_o300430\"\u003eOur History Net, “Seonhyecheong”\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGongin were merchants who procured goods needed by government offices. They used payments received from the government to purchase or produce goods for delivery. These payments were called gongga.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"overflow-x-auto\"\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eCategory\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eTribute-payment contractors\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eGongin\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Category\"\u003eMain role\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Tribute-payment contractors\"\u003ePay tribute on behalf of districts\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Gongin\"\u003eProcure goods for government offices\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Category\"\u003eBasic payment relationship\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Tribute-payment contractors\"\u003eDemanded payment from people responsible for tribute obligations\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Gongin\"\u003eReceived procurement payments from the government\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Category\"\u003ePosition within the system\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Tribute-payment contractors\"\u003eIntermediaries who paid tribute under the previous system\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Gongin\"\u003eGovernment-recognized procurement providers\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe reform linked government purchasing to market transactions. This is one way of explaining commercial development. However, the existence of gongin did not eliminate all problems with procurement costs. Budget and supply constraints can also be seen in \u003ca href=\"https://contents.history.go.kr/front/tg/view.do?ganada=\u0026amp;levelId=tg_003_1580\u0026amp;pageUnit=10\u0026amp;treeId=0100\"\u003eOur History Net, “Gongga”\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#records-and-interpretation\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"records-and-interpretation\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eRecords and Interpretation\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFacts directly stated in the records must be distinguished from later assessments. The implementation decision in the annals shows the system's goals and rules. A single entry cannot establish how actual burdens changed in every region.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#what-the-records-confirm\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"what-the-records-confirm\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eWhat the Records Confirm\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe 1651 entry records the decision to implement the law in Chungcheong Province first and the initial collection rates. It also describes allocating funds for local expenses before remitting the remainder to the central government. This provides evidence of the system's design at the time of implementation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#significance-commonly-explained-in-historical-commentaries\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"significance-commonly-explained-in-historical-commentaries\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eSignificance Commonly Explained in Historical Commentaries\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePublic history commentaries explain both the adjustment of tribute burdens and changes in fiscal management. The National Archives of Korea highlights the practice of retaining funds for local expenses. Our History Net explains the connection between gongin procurement activities and commerce.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Encyclopedia of Korean Culture emphasizes the additions to the detailed rules in 1654. This means the system continued to be refined after the 1651 implementation decision. The \u003ca href=\"https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0014246\"\u003erelevant entry\u003c/a\u003e also distinguishes the Gyeonggi Seonhye Law from the refined Daedong Law.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#differences-in-interpretation-and-limits-of-verification\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"differences-in-interpretation-and-limits-of-verification\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eDifferences in Interpretation and Limits of Verification\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhere the reform's starting point is placed depends on the focus of the explanation. Some interpretations distinguish the experimental system of 1608 from the refined system in Chungcheong Province. Treating this as a simple error in dates obscures changes in the system.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe rate at which farmers' burdens decreased cannot be calculated from the records examined in this article alone. That would require comparing previous tribute burdens with the amounts actually collected in additional levies. Presenting a specific figure or a nationwide average effect would require separate regional studies.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#why-the-implementation-year-and-tax-rate-must-be-recorded-together\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"why-the-implementation-year-and-tax-rate-must-be-recorded-together\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eWhy the Implementation Year and Tax Rate Must Be Recorded Together\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhen citing historical information, figures must be accompanied by the region and stage of implementation. Rules changed even under the same system name. In this case, it is useful to distinguish the date of the decision from the timing of subsequent revisions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"overflow-x-auto\"\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eRecord item\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eInformation to retain in this case\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eMisunderstanding if omitted\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Record item\"\u003eRegion\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Information to retain in this case\"\u003eChungcheong Province\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Misunderstanding if omitted\"\u003eMistaken for a nationwide rule\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Record item\"\u003ePoint in time\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Information to retain in this case\"\u003eAt the time of the 1651 implementation decision\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Misunderstanding if omitted\"\u003eConfused with later tax rates\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Record item\"\u003eUnit and period\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Information to retain in this case\"\u003e10 du of rice annually per 1 gyeol of land\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Misunderstanding if omitted\"\u003eMistaken for a seasonal collection amount or a household obligation\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Record item\"\u003eCalendar system\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Information to retain in this case\"\u003e24th day of the 8th lunar month in year 2 of Hyojong's reign\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Misunderstanding if omitted\"\u003eMistaken for a solar-calendar date\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Record item\"\u003eNature of the event\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Information to retain in this case\"\u003eImplementation decision\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Misunderstanding if omitted\"\u003eConfused with completion of the detailed rules\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis table organizes the preceding records into a form suitable for citation. It does not add new historical figures or conditions. It allows the scope of a statement to be checked even when that sentence is found separately in a search.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#the-monument-and-reading-history-today\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"the-monument-and-reading-history-today\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eThe Monument and Reading History Today\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Monument to the Implementation of the Daedong Law in Pyeongtaek shows how the reform was remembered. It was erected in 1659. Its inscription honors Kim Yuk's achievements. The year of construction and information about the inscription can be found on the \u003ca href=\"https://portal.nrich.go.kr/kor/ksmUsrView.do?ksm_idx=1825\u0026amp;menuIdx=584\"\u003eNational Research Institute of Cultural Heritage's National Heritage Knowledge Portal\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe annals and the monument are records that answer different questions. The annals document discussions and implementation rules. The monument reveals contemporary assessments honoring the reform.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eToday, this case is valuable for examining tax assessment and spending together. Even with the same tax rate, operations differ depending on how local expenses are funded. Kim Yuk's activities can also be understood within this process of design and adjustment.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#frequently-asked-questions\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"frequently-asked-questions\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eFrequently Asked Questions\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#was-kim-yuk-the-first-person-to-create-the-daedong-law\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"was-kim-yuk-the-first-person-to-create-the-daedong-law\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eWas Kim Yuk the First Person to Create the Daedong Law?\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Gyeonggi Seonhye Law was implemented in Gyeonggi Province in 1608, before Kim Yuk's efforts. Kim Yuk contributed to implementation in Chungcheong Province and helped lay the groundwork for later expansion. The system's beginnings must be distinguished from the role of leading its expansion.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#did-chungcheong-province-pay-12-du-from-the-start\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"did-chungcheong-province-pay-12-du-from-the-start\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eDid Chungcheong Province Pay 12 du from the Start?\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAt the time of the 1651 implementation decision, the annual rate was 10 du of rice per 1 gyeol. Collections were divided into 5 du each in spring and autumn. The later rate of 12 du must not be applied to this point in time.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#did-mountainous-districts-with-little-rice-pay-in-the-same-way\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"did-mountainous-districts-with-little-rice-pay-in-the-same-way\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eDid Mountainous Districts with Little Rice Pay in the Same Way?\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe early Hoseo Daedong Law allowed payment in cotton cloth instead. Mountainous districts could pay 1 pil of cotton cloth instead of 5 du of rice. This exchange rate cannot be applied to all regions and periods.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#which-year-is-correct-1651-or-1654\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"which-year-is-correct-1651-or-1654\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eWhich Year Is Correct, 1651 or 1654?\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1651 is the reference year for the decision to implement the law in Chungcheong Province. 1654 is when the detailed rules were supplemented, as emphasized by the Encyclopedia of Korean Culture. The two years refer to different stages in the system's formation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#did-the-daedong-law-abolish-all-taxes\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"did-the-daedong-law-abolish-all-taxes\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eDid the Daedong Law Abolish All Taxes?\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Daedong Law was a reform centered on tribute. Jeonse, the existing land tax, remained separate. It is therefore inaccurate to say that paying the Daedong tax alone ended all obligations.\u003c/p\u003e\n","tags":["Taxes","Public Finance","Joseon period","Cultural heritage"],"faqs":[{"question":"What kind of system was the Daedong Law?","answer":"The Daedong Law was a tax and fiscal system that changed tribute assessments to be based on landholdings measured in gyeol. Depending on local conditions, rice, cloth, or money was collected and used to cover necessary central and local expenditures."},{"question":"What role did Kim Yuk play in the Daedong Law?","answer":"Kim Yuk proposed implementing it in 1638 while serving as governor of Chungcheong Province. He continued to promote it after Hyojong's accession, contributing to its implementation in Chungcheong Province first in 1651."},{"question":"Why was Kim Yuk's proposal not immediately accepted after the Qing invasion of Joseon?","answer":"There were concerns about postwar turmoil and insufficient state finances. There were also objections calling for the items and quantities listed in the tribute register to be revised first, rather than changing the method of tribute collection."},{"question":"What changed after Hyojong's accession?","answer":"Kim Yuk was appointed Right State Councilor, and Jo Ik and Yi Si-bang, officials who supported the law, also joined the effort. Opposition had not disappeared, however, so the decision was made to implement it in Chungcheong Province first."},{"question":"How much was the Daedong tax in Chungcheong Province in 1651?","answer":"The initial rate was 10 du of rice annually for every 1 gyeol of land. Payments of 5 du each were collected in spring and autumn."},{"question":"What did mountain counties pay instead of rice?","answer":"The 1651 regulations for mountain counties under the Hoseo Daedong Law included a provision for paying 1 pil of cotton cloth instead of 5 du of rice. This standard should be understood in the context of Chungcheong Province's regulations at the time."},{"question":"Was all the rice collected sent to the central government?","answer":"Funds were first allocated to cover county operating expenses and local needs. The remainder was sent to Seonhyecheong to meet the needs of central government offices."},{"question":"What was the difference between Seonhyecheong and gongin?","answer":"Seonhyecheong was the government office that managed revenue from the Daedong Law. Gongin were merchants who received payment from the government to procure the necessary goods."},{"question":"Why are both 1651 and 1654 mentioned?","answer":"1651 marks the decision to implement the law in Chungcheong Province. 1654 marks the revision and supplementation of the detailed implementation rules, so the two years refer to different stages."},{"question":"Was the Daedong Law implemented at the same tax rate nationwide?","answer":"The amounts assessed and methods of payment varied by period and region. In places such as Hamgyeong Province and Hwanghae Province, the Sangjeong Law was implemented to reflect local conditions."},{"question":"Can we calculate how much the Daedong Law reduced the burden on farmers?","answer":"The rate of reduction cannot be calculated from the initial tax rate alone. The previous tribute burden must be compared with the actual additional amounts collected in each region."},{"question":"When was the Monument to the Implementation of the Daedong Law erected?","answer":"The Monument to the Implementation of the Daedong Law in Pyeongtaek was erected in 1659. It is a record commemorating Kim Yuk's contributions and should be distinguished from entries in the Annals from the time of implementation."}],"sources":[{"url":"https://theme.archives.go.kr/next/sillok/sub3_3.do","title":"National Archives of Korea, Stories from the Annals in Textbooks: How Was the Daedong Law Implemented?","type":"source"},{"url":"https://contents.history.go.kr/mobile/kc/view.do?code=\u0026levelId=kc_n302200","title":"National Institute of Korean History, Our History Net, A Chronology of Korean History: Kim Yuk","type":"source"},{"url":"https://contents.history.go.kr/front/hm/view.do?levelId=hm_102_0040","title":"National Institute of Korean History, Our History Net, Korean History Through Historical Sources: Implementation of the Daedong Law","type":"source"},{"url":"https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0014246","title":"Academy of Korean Studies, Encyclopedia of Korean Culture: Daedong Law","type":"source"},{"url":"https://contents.history.go.kr/mobile/kc/view.do?code=kc_age_30\u0026levelId=kc_o300430","title":"National Institute of Korean History, Our History Net, A Chronology of Korean History: Seonhyecheong","type":"source"},{"url":"https://contents.history.go.kr/mobile/tg/view.do?ganada=\u0026levelId=tg_003_1600\u0026pageUnit=10\u0026subjectCode=tg_ty_010\u0026tabId=02","title":"National Institute of Korean History, Our History Net, Textbook Glossary: Government-Licensed Merchants","type":"source"},{"url":"https://contents.history.go.kr/front/tg/view.do?ganada=\u0026levelId=tg_003_1580\u0026pageUnit=10\u0026treeId=0100","title":"National Institute of Korean History, Our History Net, Textbook Glossary: Payments for Tribute Goods","type":"source"},{"url":"https://dh.aks.ac.kr/sillokwiki/index.php/%EC%A0%84%ED%92%88%28%E7%94%B0%E5%93%81%29","title":"Academy of Korean Studies, Dictionary of the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty: Land Grades","type":"source"},{"url":"https://portal.nrich.go.kr/kor/ksmUsrView.do?ksm_idx=1825\u0026menuIdx=584","title":"National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage, National Heritage Knowledge Portal: Monument Commemorating the Implementation of the Daedong Law","type":"source"}],"images":[{"id":2094,"url":"https://injoys.com/rails/active_storage/blobs/proxy/eyJfcmFpbHMiOnsiZGF0YSI6MzIxOTUsInB1ciI6ImJsb2JfaWQifX0=--ef26db3fce800094e1929a1f8cedbf674113023c/ai-167ddf21.webp","is_representative":false,"generation_method":"ai_semi","license":"ai_generated","mime_type":"image/webp","width":1536,"height":1024,"translations":{"ko":{"alt":"기와지붕 곡물 창고 앞마당에서 쌀을 계량하고 가마니를 나르는 사람들을 그린 역사 재현화","caption":"호서대동법은 거둔 재원으로 지방 경비를 배정하고 나머지를 중앙에 보내도록 설계되었다.","description":null},"en":{"alt":"Historical painting of workers measuring rice and carrying sacks in the courtyard of a Korean granary.","caption":"The Hoseo Daedong reform allocated collected revenue to local expenses and sent the remainder to the central government.","description":null},"ja":{"alt":"瓦屋根の穀物倉庫の中庭で、米を量り、俵を運ぶ人々を描いた歴史再現画","caption":"湖西大同法は徴収した財源を地方経費に充て、残りを中央に送る仕組みとして設計された。","description":null},"es":{"alt":"Recreación histórica de trabajadores midiendo arroz y cargando sacos en el patio de un granero coreano.","caption":"La reforma Daedong de Hoseo destinaba lo recaudado a gastos locales y enviaba el resto al gobierno central.","description":null},"id":{"alt":"Lukisan sejarah para pekerja menakar beras dan mengangkut karung di halaman lumbung Korea.","caption":"Reformasi Daedong di Hoseo mengalokasikan penerimaan untuk biaya daerah dan mengirimkan sisanya ke pemerintah pusat.","description":null},"pt":{"alt":"Reconstituição histórica de trabalhadores medindo arroz e carregando sacos no pátio de um celeiro coreano.","caption":"A reforma Daedong de Hoseo destinava a arrecadação às despesas locais e enviava o restante ao governo central.","description":null},"zh-hant":{"alt":"歷史重現畫中，人們在瓦頂糧倉的院落裡量米、搬運米袋。","caption":"湖西大同法將徵收的財源用於地方經費，餘額則上繳中央。","description":null},"de":{"alt":"Historische Darstellung: Arbeiter messen Reis und tragen Säcke im Hof eines koreanischen Getreidespeichers.","caption":"Die Daedong-Reform in Hoseo sah vor, lokale Ausgaben aus den Einnahmen zu decken und den Rest an die Zentralregierung abzuführen.","description":null}}},{"id":2095,"url":"https://injoys.com/rails/active_storage/blobs/proxy/eyJfcmFpbHMiOnsiZGF0YSI6MzIyMDEsInB1ciI6ImJsb2JfaWQifX0=--d0a524911cf8b4d17687d0341656652cee0cac76/ai-c49a386e.webp","is_representative":false,"generation_method":"ai_semi","license":"ai_generated","mime_type":"image/webp","width":1536,"height":1024,"translations":{"ko":{"alt":"뜰이 내다보이는 조선 궁궐 전각에서 관리들이 낮은 책상에 앉아 문서를 살피는 모습을 그린 역사 재현화","caption":"김육과 찬성 관료들의 추진으로 1651년 충청도에 대동법이 시행되었다.","description":null},"en":{"alt":"Historical painting of Joseon officials reviewing documents at low desks in a palace hall overlooking a courtyard","caption":"Kim Yuk and supportive officials advanced the implementation of the Daedong reform in Chungcheong in 1651.","description":null},"ja":{"alt":"庭を望む朝鮮王朝の宮殿で、官僚たちが低い机に座って文書を検討する歴史再現画","caption":"金堉と賛成派の官僚たちの推進により、1651年に忠清道で大同法が施行された。","description":null},"es":{"alt":"Pintura histórica de funcionarios de Joseon revisando documentos en mesas bajas de un salón palaciego abierto al patio","caption":"Kim Yuk y los funcionarios favorables impulsaron la aplicación de la reforma Daedong en Chungcheong en 1651.","description":null},"id":{"alt":"Lukisan sejarah pejabat Joseon menelaah dokumen di meja rendah dalam balai istana yang menghadap halaman","caption":"Kim Yuk dan para pejabat pendukung mendorong penerapan reformasi Daedong di Chungcheong pada 1651.","description":null},"pt":{"alt":"Pintura histórica de oficiais de Joseon examinando documentos em mesas baixas num salão palaciano voltado para o pátio","caption":"Kim Yuk e os funcionários favoráveis impulsionaram a aplicação da reforma Daedong em Chungcheong em 1651.","description":null},"zh-hant":{"alt":"歷史重現畫中，朝鮮王朝官員坐在宮殿內的矮桌前審閱文書，殿外可見庭院","caption":"在金堉與支持改革的官員推動下，忠清道於1651年施行大同法。","description":null},"de":{"alt":"Historiengemälde: Joseon-Beamte prüfen Dokumente an niedrigen Tischen in einer Palasthalle mit Blick auf den Hof","caption":"Kim Yuk und reformbefürwortende Beamte trieben 1651 die Einführung der Daedong-Reform in Chungcheong voran.","description":null}}}],"published_at":"2026-10-24T03:59:46+09:00","updated_at":"2026-10-24T03:59:46+09:00","license":"cc_by","translation_status":"reviewed","available_locales":["ko","en","ja","es"],"data_locales":["ko","en","ja","es","id","pt","zh-hant","de"],"url":"https://injoys.com/en/articles/daedongbeop-1651-chungcheong-kim-yuk"}