{"content_id":"h0dljdklfy","slug":"gwiju-battle-1019-course-victory-factors","locale":"en","schema_type":"Article","category":"case_study","category_name":"Case Study","title":"Battle of Gwiju 1019: How Goryeo Won and Why It Matters","summary":"The Battle of Gwiju was a battle in 1019 in which Goryeo forces decisively defeated the retreating Khitan army at Gwiju. Distinguishing between the flooding tactic at Heunghwajin, the defense of Gaegyeong, and the arrival of Kim Jong-hyeon's troops reveals how the victory was won and the significance of the postwar peace.","sponsorship_disclosure":null,"affiliate_disclosure":null,"commerce_disclosure":null,"author":{"name":"Injoys Editorial Team","url":"https://injoys.com/ko/about"},"key_points":["The decisive battle at Gwiju is recorded in Goryeosa Jeoryo as an event on day 1 of lunar month 2 in 1019.","The tactic of damming a waterway with cowhides and then breaching the dam was used at the Battle of Heunghwajin.","Both the dispatch of reinforcements and Hyeonjong's scorched-earth measures contributed to the defense of Gaegyeong.","The standoff at Gwiju shifted in Goryeo's favor when Kim Jong-hyeon's troops joined the battle.","After the victory, a peace agreement stabilized relations between Goryeo and the Khitan."],"content_markdown":"The Battle of Gwiju was a victory won in 1019 by the Goryeo army under Gang Gam-chan. Goryeo stopped the Khitan army's advance on the capital by defending Gaegyeong. Its forces then worked together at Gwiju to inflict a major defeat on the retreating army. Relations later stabilized through a peace agreement, and the battle is remembered as a turning point in the war.\n\nThis article follows the accounts in *Goryeosa* and *Goryeosa jeoryo*, checked in October 2026.\n\n## The Battle of Gwiju and the War Timeline\n\nThe decisive battle at Gwiju took place on **the 1st day of the 2nd lunar month of 1019**. The site is around present-day Kusong, North Pyongan Province, North Korea. The battle brought the third Khitan invasion, which began in 1018, to a close. The month and day follow the lunar dates in the historical sources.\n\n| Period | Event | Supporting records and commentary |\n|---|---|---|\n| 993 | First Khitan invasion and Seo Hui's negotiations | Uriyeoksanet, “Foreign Relations in Early Goryeo,” “The Battle of Gwiju” |\n| 1010 | Gaegyeong falls during the second invasion, and Hyeonjong flees | Uriyeoksanet, “Foreign Relations in Early Goryeo,” “Gang Gam-chan's Battle of Gwiju” |\n| 12th lunar month of 1018 | Khitan forces under So Bae-ap invade; Goryeo wins at Heunghwajin | *Goryeosa jeoryo*, volume 3, Hyeonjong, year 9, 12th month |\n| After the Battle of Heunghwajin | Khitan forces advance on Gaegyeong; Goryeo forces pursue them | *Goryeosa*, volume 94, Biographies 7 |\n| 1st lunar month of 1019 | Gaegyeong's defenses are strengthened; the Khitan advance is thwarted, and the army changes direction | *Goryeosa*, volume 94, Biographies 7; Uriyeoksanet, “The Battle of Gwiju” |\n| 1st day of the 2nd lunar month of 1019 | Goryeo wins at Gwiju | *Goryeosa jeoryo*, volume 3, Hyeonjong, year 10, 2nd month |\n| After the war | Peace agreement and reorganization of diplomatic relations | Uriyeoksanet, “Gang Gam-chan's Battle of Gwiju” |\n\nThe Battle of Gwiju was an individual battle and must be distinguished from the war as a whole. The victory at Heunghwajin did not end the Khitan advance. The defense of the capital and attacks on the retreating army followed. The date of the decisive battle can be confirmed in [the relevant entry in *Goryeosa jeoryo*](https://db.history.go.kr/id/kj_003r_0010_0110_0020_0010).\n\n## Why Did the Khitan Invade Again?\n\nThe third invasion arose from disputes over the 6 prefectures of Gangdong and the king's personal visit to the Khitan court. Such a visit meant the Goryeo king going in person to the Khitan emperor's court. After the second invasion, the Khitan demanded that this promise be fulfilled. They also continued to demand the return of the 6 prefectures of Gangdong.\n\nMilitary pressure continued when Goryeo refused these demands. So Bae-ap's expedition in 1018 began amid this conflict. Goryeo still faced the possibility of another threat to its capital. Gaegyeong had, in fact, fallen during the earlier war in 1010.\n\n### The Role of a Commander-in-Chief with a Civil Official's Background\n\nThe commander-in-chief was a civil official who had passed the state examination. After placing first in the examination in 983, he took on major state responsibilities. During the war in 1010, he advised Hyeonjong to flee. He later also handled military affairs in the northeastern region.\n\nHis background as a civil official therefore does not mean that he lacked military experience. In 1018, he was appointed supreme commander and placed in charge of the entire Goryeo army. Deputy commander Gang Min-cheom assisted him and took part in the pursuit. His career and the background to his appointment are outlined in [Uriyeoksanet's commentary on the historical sources](https://contents.history.go.kr/front/hm/print.do?levelId=hm_048_0030).\n\n## Why Was Gaegyeong in Danger Despite the Victory at Heunghwajin?\n\nThe victory at Heunghwajin did not stop the advance of the entire Khitan army. Even after their defeat, Khitan forces continued south toward Gaegyeong. Goryeo forces responded by pursuing them, but separate preparations were also needed to defend the capital.\n\n*Goryeosa* records that Goryeo forces blocked a waterway and concealed soldiers at Heunghwajin. When the enemy approached, they released the water, and the hidden troops attacked. Gang Min-cheom then attacked Khitan forces at Naegusan in Jaju. Jo Won also fought at Matan.\n\n| Category | Battle of Heunghwajin | Battle of Gwiju |\n|---|---|---|\n| Stage of the war | While Khitan forces were advancing south | While Khitan forces were withdrawing north |\n| Main tactics recorded | Blocking and releasing water, followed by an ambush | Engaging the enemy on its retreat route, with supporting units joining |\n| Developments after the battle | Khitan forces continue advancing on Gaegyeong | Major Khitan defeat and pursuit by Goryeo forces |\n| Distinction to remember | The site of the water attack using oxhides | A site to which the account of the water attack must not be transferred |\n\nWinning a local battle and removing the threat to the capital were separate matters. Uriyeoksanet suggests that the Khitan army may have sought the king's surrender. This is an interpretation based on its route of advance. It must be distinguished from a statement directly confirming the Khitan commanders' intentions.\n\n## The Defense of Gaegyeong and the Arrival of Kim Jong-hyeon's Unit\n\nThe turning points in the campaign were the defense of the capital and the reinforcements at Gwiju. The successful defense of Gaegyeong thwarted the objective of the Khitan advance. Later, at Gwiju, the arrival of another unit changed the standoff.\n\n### The Defense of Gaegyeong and Scorched-Earth Measures\n\nHyeonjong moved residents from outside the city walls into the city. He also ordered grain removed from the fields. Scorched-earth measures prevent the enemy from using local food and supplies. These measures made it difficult for Khitan forces to sustain themselves around the capital.\n\nKim Jong-hyeon led 10,000 soldiers to defend Gaegyeong. Another 3,300 soldiers were sent from the northeastern region. Unable to capture Gaegyeong, the Khitan army turned north. Goryeo forces continued their attacks around Yeonju and Wiju.\n\n### The Reinforcements That Changed the Standoff at Gwiju\n\nThe arrival of Kim Jong-hyeon's unit at Gwiju is recorded as a turning point in the battle. At first, the two sides faced each other without either gaining victory. After the supporting troops arrived, Goryeo forces intensified their offensive. *Goryeosa* also records that wind and rain came from the south at this time.\n\nGoryeo forces continued their pursuit toward Seokcheon and Ballyeong. Gwiju was a passage surrounded by mountains and valleys. Uriyeoksanet describes this terrain as favorable for blocking a retreating army. The sequence connecting Gaegyeong and Gwiju can be found in [the commentary in the Chronology of Korean History](https://contents.history.go.kr/front/kc/printViewPopup.do?levelId=kc_i200400).\n\n## Factors Behind the Victory at Gwiju\n\nThe victory can be explained as the result of coordination between the defense of the capital and the actions of field units. The tactics at Heunghwajin alone cannot adequately explain the entire war. The following table is an interpretation that groups events in the historical sources by their function.\n\n| Factor | Response confirmed in the records | Role in the war |\n|---|---|---|\n| Disrupting the initial advance | Water attack and ambush at Heunghwajin | Inflicted losses on Khitan forces advancing south |\n| Continued pursuit | Attacks by Gang Min-cheom and Jo Won | Put pressure on Khitan forces as they moved |\n| Defense of the capital | Dispatch of reinforcements and Hyeonjong's scorched-earth measures | Made it difficult to capture Gaegyeong |\n| Blocking the retreat route | Engaging the enemy on the eastern outskirts of Gwiju | Brought the withdrawing Khitan army into a decisive battle |\n| Cooperation between units | Arrival of Kim Jong-hyeon's unit | Turned an evenly matched battle in Goryeo's favor |\n\nUriyeoksanet's commentary also identifies the transmission of battlefield information as a factor behind the victory. It also discusses the state's control over Gaegyeong's residents. These conditions allowed commanders' decisions to translate into military action. However, the sources examined do not allow the specific means of communication to be reconstructed.\n\n## Peace and Stable Relations After the Battle\n\nRelations stabilized as a peace agreement followed the victory. Goryeo sent envoys to the Khitan to pursue peace. Hyeonjong's investiture and the use of the Khitan era name formed part of the diplomatic settlement. Investiture was the procedure through which an emperor recognized the status of another country's king.\n\nMilitary victory and acceptance of diplomatic formalities could coexist. Even after winning the battle, Goryeo established diplomatic relations with the Khitan. The two states then maintained relations for a long period without major military clashes. Uriyeoksanet describes this as a key outcome of the war's end.\n\nContinued peace did not mean an end to defensive preparations. Goryeo continued to improve defensive facilities in the capital and along the borders. Peace and stronger defenses thus proceeded together. This pattern can also be seen in [Uriyeoksanet's textbook materials on Goryeo's foreign relations](https://contents.history.go.kr/mobile/ta/view.do?levelId=ta_m51_0060_0030).\n\n## How to Read Troop Figures Separately for Each Battle\n\nTroop numbers at the beginning of the war must not be treated as the numbers present at Gwiju. Each recorded figure refers to a particular time and group. Separate evidence is needed to establish troop strength after continued movements and battles.\n\n| Recorded figure | Relevant time and group | What the figure alone cannot establish |\n|---|---|---|\n| 208,300 Goryeo soldiers | Troops led by commanders responding to the invasion in 1018 | That all of them assembled at Gwiju at the same time |\n| 100,000 Khitan soldiers | Claimed troop strength at the time of the invasion in 1018 | The exact number remaining immediately before the decisive battle at Gwiju |\n| 12,000 cavalry | Troops selected for the ambush at Heunghwajin | The number of cavalry at Gwiju |\n| 10,000 soldiers | Troops assigned to Kim Jong-hyeon to reinforce the capital in the 1st lunar month of 1019 | That their number was unchanged when they arrived at Gwiju |\n| Several thousand | The record of Khitan soldiers who returned after the defeat | The exact number killed or the loss rate |\n\nThese distinctions follow the narrative sequence in *Goryeosa*. Simply dividing the initial troop figures and presenting the result as the force ratio at Gwiju changes the scope of the figures. Nor can everyone other than those who returned be counted as killed in action. The context of the numbers can be checked against [the original text of *Goryeosa*, volume 94](https://db.history.go.kr/id/kr_094_0010_0030_0060).\n\n## Records and Interpretations\n\nFacts stated in the records must be distinguished from later explanations. The historical sources also contain errors in personal names and approximate figures. Even when several records describe the same war, their dates and locations do not match completely.\n\n### What the Records Directly State\n\n*Goryeosa* records the water attack at Heunghwajin and the reinforcements at Gwiju separately. *Goryeosa jeoryo* gives the month and day of the decisive battle at Gwiju. *Liaoshi* also records the defeat of Khitan forces fighting Goryeo.\n\nHowever, the relevant entry in *Liaoshi* does not match the date of Gwiju exactly. The Korean History Database classifies it as an entry for the 12th lunar month of 1018. The battle locations are also given as Daha and Taha. The [entry in *Liaoshi*](https://db.history.go.kr/id/cnkb_040r_0100_0020) therefore should not be assumed to be an on-site account from the same day.\n\n### Interpretations Presented in Historical Commentary\n\nThe National Institute of Korean History's commentary explains the victory primarily through the defense of the capital and cooperation between units. It connects the blow inflicted at Heunghwajin with the blocking of the retreat route at Gwiju. It also interprets long-term changes in relations, including the peace agreement after the war.\n\nWind and rain are one element of the battle conditions mentioned in the sources. That does not provide grounds to conclude that weather alone decided the outcome. The arrival of troops and the shift to an offensive also appear in the same record.\n\n### Errors in Personal Names and Remaining Uncertainties\n\nThe Khitan commander at the time was So Bae-ap. The relevant passage in *Goryeosa* gives the name So Son-nyeong. Uriyeoksanet's commentary explicitly identifies this as an error in the source. Reproducing the original name without checking it would misidentify the commander.\n\nThe records examined do not make it possible to establish the exact number of troops on the battlefield. Nor can all the detailed deployments at Gwiju be reconstructed. These gaps must not be filled with invented dialogue for commanders or scenes of operational meetings.\n\n## What This Battle Means for Readers Today\n\nThis battle shows the relationship between military achievements and diplomatic outcomes. The defense of the capital and the defeat of the retreating army were distinct processes. After the war, diplomacy followed to stabilize relations.\n\nThese distinctions are also useful when organizing historical information as data. Dates must indicate whether they follow the lunar calendar. Troop figures need a time and a clearly identified group. When correcting an error in a historical source, both the original wording and the grounds for correction must be retained.\n\n## Frequently Asked Questions\n\n### Were Gwiju and Heunghwajin the Same Battlefield?\n\nThey were different places. The tactic of blocking a waterway and then releasing the water is recorded at Heunghwajin. At Gwiju, Goryeo forces fought the retreating Khitan army.\n\n### How Did Troops Defending Gaegyeong Appear at the Battle of Gwiju?\n\nKim Jong-hyeon's unit was first dispatched to defend Gaegyeong. It is later recorded as joining the standoff at Gwiju. However, the passages examined do not describe its entire route.\n\n### Is It Accurate to Say That the Khitan Army Was Annihilated?\n\nIt is inaccurate if this means that not a single soldier survived. *Goryeosa* states that several thousand Khitan soldiers returned. The record's point is that the defeat was extremely severe.\n\n### Did Goryeo Maintain Diplomatic Relations with the Khitan Even After Its Victory?\n\nGoryeo made peace with the Khitan after its victory. Hyeonjong's investiture and the use of the Khitan era name followed. Relations after the military victory can only be understood by also considering this diplomatic settlement.","content_html":"\u003cp\u003eThe Battle of Gwiju was a victory won in 1019 by the Goryeo army under Gang Gam-chan. Goryeo stopped the Khitan army's advance on the capital by defending Gaegyeong. Its forces then worked together at Gwiju to inflict a major defeat on the retreating army. Relations later stabilized through a peace agreement, and the battle is remembered as a turning point in the war.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis article follows the accounts in \u003cem\u003eGoryeosa\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eGoryeosa jeoryo\u003c/em\u003e, checked in October 2026.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#the-battle-of-gwiju-and-the-war-timeline\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"the-battle-of-gwiju-and-the-war-timeline\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eThe Battle of Gwiju and the War Timeline\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe decisive battle at Gwiju took place on \u003cstrong\u003ethe 1st day of the 2nd lunar month of 1019\u003c/strong\u003e. The site is around present-day Kusong, North Pyongan Province, North Korea. The battle brought the third Khitan invasion, which began in 1018, to a close. The month and day follow the lunar dates in the historical sources.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"overflow-x-auto\"\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003ePeriod\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eEvent\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eSupporting records and commentary\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Period\"\u003e993\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Event\"\u003eFirst Khitan invasion and Seo Hui's negotiations\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Supporting records and commentary\"\u003eUriyeoksanet, “Foreign Relations in Early Goryeo,” “The Battle of Gwiju”\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Period\"\u003e1010\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Event\"\u003eGaegyeong falls during the second invasion, and Hyeonjong flees\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Supporting records and commentary\"\u003eUriyeoksanet, “Foreign Relations in Early Goryeo,” “Gang Gam-chan's Battle of Gwiju”\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Period\"\u003e12th lunar month of 1018\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Event\"\u003eKhitan forces under So Bae-ap invade; Goryeo wins at Heunghwajin\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Supporting records and commentary\"\u003e\n\u003cem\u003eGoryeosa jeoryo\u003c/em\u003e, volume 3, Hyeonjong, year 9, 12th month\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Period\"\u003eAfter the Battle of Heunghwajin\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Event\"\u003eKhitan forces advance on Gaegyeong; Goryeo forces pursue them\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Supporting records and commentary\"\u003e\n\u003cem\u003eGoryeosa\u003c/em\u003e, volume 94, Biographies 7\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Period\"\u003e1st lunar month of 1019\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Event\"\u003eGaegyeong's defenses are strengthened; the Khitan advance is thwarted, and the army changes direction\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Supporting records and commentary\"\u003e\n\u003cem\u003eGoryeosa\u003c/em\u003e, volume 94, Biographies 7; Uriyeoksanet, “The Battle of Gwiju”\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Period\"\u003e1st day of the 2nd lunar month of 1019\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Event\"\u003eGoryeo wins at Gwiju\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Supporting records and commentary\"\u003e\n\u003cem\u003eGoryeosa jeoryo\u003c/em\u003e, volume 3, Hyeonjong, year 10, 2nd month\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Period\"\u003eAfter the war\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Event\"\u003ePeace agreement and reorganization of diplomatic relations\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Supporting records and commentary\"\u003eUriyeoksanet, “Gang Gam-chan's Battle of Gwiju”\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Battle of Gwiju was an individual battle and must be distinguished from the war as a whole. The victory at Heunghwajin did not end the Khitan advance. The defense of the capital and attacks on the retreating army followed. The date of the decisive battle can be confirmed in \u003ca href=\"https://db.history.go.kr/id/kj_003r_0010_0110_0020_0010\"\u003ethe relevant entry in \u003cem\u003eGoryeosa jeoryo\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#why-did-the-khitan-invade-again\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"why-did-the-khitan-invade-again\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eWhy Did the Khitan Invade Again?\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe third invasion arose from disputes over the 6 prefectures of Gangdong and the king's personal visit to the Khitan court. Such a visit meant the Goryeo king going in person to the Khitan emperor's court. After the second invasion, the Khitan demanded that this promise be fulfilled. They also continued to demand the return of the 6 prefectures of Gangdong.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMilitary pressure continued when Goryeo refused these demands. So Bae-ap's expedition in 1018 began amid this conflict. Goryeo still faced the possibility of another threat to its capital. Gaegyeong had, in fact, fallen during the earlier war in 1010.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#the-role-of-a-commander-in-chief-with-a-civil-officials-background\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"the-role-of-a-commander-in-chief-with-a-civil-officials-background\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eThe Role of a Commander-in-Chief with a Civil Official's Background\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe commander-in-chief was a civil official who had passed the state examination. After placing first in the examination in 983, he took on major state responsibilities. During the war in 1010, he advised Hyeonjong to flee. He later also handled military affairs in the northeastern region.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHis background as a civil official therefore does not mean that he lacked military experience. In 1018, he was appointed supreme commander and placed in charge of the entire Goryeo army. Deputy commander Gang Min-cheom assisted him and took part in the pursuit. His career and the background to his appointment are outlined in \u003ca href=\"https://contents.history.go.kr/front/hm/print.do?levelId=hm_048_0030\"\u003eUriyeoksanet's commentary on the historical sources\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#why-was-gaegyeong-in-danger-despite-the-victory-at-heunghwajin\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"why-was-gaegyeong-in-danger-despite-the-victory-at-heunghwajin\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eWhy Was Gaegyeong in Danger Despite the Victory at Heunghwajin?\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe victory at Heunghwajin did not stop the advance of the entire Khitan army. Even after their defeat, Khitan forces continued south toward Gaegyeong. Goryeo forces responded by pursuing them, but separate preparations were also needed to defend the capital.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGoryeosa\u003c/em\u003e records that Goryeo forces blocked a waterway and concealed soldiers at Heunghwajin. When the enemy approached, they released the water, and the hidden troops attacked. Gang Min-cheom then attacked Khitan forces at Naegusan in Jaju. Jo Won also fought at Matan.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"overflow-x-auto\"\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eCategory\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eBattle of Heunghwajin\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eBattle of Gwiju\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Category\"\u003eStage of the war\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Battle of Heunghwajin\"\u003eWhile Khitan forces were advancing south\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Battle of Gwiju\"\u003eWhile Khitan forces were withdrawing north\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Category\"\u003eMain tactics recorded\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Battle of Heunghwajin\"\u003eBlocking and releasing water, followed by an ambush\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Battle of Gwiju\"\u003eEngaging the enemy on its retreat route, with supporting units joining\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Category\"\u003eDevelopments after the battle\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Battle of Heunghwajin\"\u003eKhitan forces continue advancing on Gaegyeong\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Battle of Gwiju\"\u003eMajor Khitan defeat and pursuit by Goryeo forces\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Category\"\u003eDistinction to remember\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Battle of Heunghwajin\"\u003eThe site of the water attack using oxhides\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Battle of Gwiju\"\u003eA site to which the account of the water attack must not be transferred\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWinning a local battle and removing the threat to the capital were separate matters. Uriyeoksanet suggests that the Khitan army may have sought the king's surrender. This is an interpretation based on its route of advance. It must be distinguished from a statement directly confirming the Khitan commanders' intentions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#the-defense-of-gaegyeong-and-the-arrival-of-kim-jong-hyeons-unit\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"the-defense-of-gaegyeong-and-the-arrival-of-kim-jong-hyeons-unit\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eThe Defense of Gaegyeong and the Arrival of Kim Jong-hyeon's Unit\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe turning points in the campaign were the defense of the capital and the reinforcements at Gwiju. The successful defense of Gaegyeong thwarted the objective of the Khitan advance. Later, at Gwiju, the arrival of another unit changed the standoff.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#the-defense-of-gaegyeong-and-scorched-earth-measures\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"the-defense-of-gaegyeong-and-scorched-earth-measures\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eThe Defense of Gaegyeong and Scorched-Earth Measures\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHyeonjong moved residents from outside the city walls into the city. He also ordered grain removed from the fields. Scorched-earth measures prevent the enemy from using local food and supplies. These measures made it difficult for Khitan forces to sustain themselves around the capital.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKim Jong-hyeon led 10,000 soldiers to defend Gaegyeong. Another 3,300 soldiers were sent from the northeastern region. Unable to capture Gaegyeong, the Khitan army turned north. Goryeo forces continued their attacks around Yeonju and Wiju.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#the-reinforcements-that-changed-the-standoff-at-gwiju\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"the-reinforcements-that-changed-the-standoff-at-gwiju\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eThe Reinforcements That Changed the Standoff at Gwiju\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe arrival of Kim Jong-hyeon's unit at Gwiju is recorded as a turning point in the battle. At first, the two sides faced each other without either gaining victory. After the supporting troops arrived, Goryeo forces intensified their offensive. \u003cem\u003eGoryeosa\u003c/em\u003e also records that wind and rain came from the south at this time.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGoryeo forces continued their pursuit toward Seokcheon and Ballyeong. Gwiju was a passage surrounded by mountains and valleys. Uriyeoksanet describes this terrain as favorable for blocking a retreating army. The sequence connecting Gaegyeong and Gwiju can be found in \u003ca href=\"https://contents.history.go.kr/front/kc/printViewPopup.do?levelId=kc_i200400\"\u003ethe commentary in the Chronology of Korean History\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#factors-behind-the-victory-at-gwiju\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"factors-behind-the-victory-at-gwiju\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eFactors Behind the Victory at Gwiju\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe victory can be explained as the result of coordination between the defense of the capital and the actions of field units. The tactics at Heunghwajin alone cannot adequately explain the entire war. The following table is an interpretation that groups events in the historical sources by their function.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"overflow-x-auto\"\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eFactor\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eResponse confirmed in the records\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eRole in the war\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Factor\"\u003eDisrupting the initial advance\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Response confirmed in the records\"\u003eWater attack and ambush at Heunghwajin\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Role in the war\"\u003eInflicted losses on Khitan forces advancing south\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Factor\"\u003eContinued pursuit\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Response confirmed in the records\"\u003eAttacks by Gang Min-cheom and Jo Won\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Role in the war\"\u003ePut pressure on Khitan forces as they moved\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Factor\"\u003eDefense of the capital\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Response confirmed in the records\"\u003eDispatch of reinforcements and Hyeonjong's scorched-earth measures\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Role in the war\"\u003eMade it difficult to capture Gaegyeong\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Factor\"\u003eBlocking the retreat route\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Response confirmed in the records\"\u003eEngaging the enemy on the eastern outskirts of Gwiju\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Role in the war\"\u003eBrought the withdrawing Khitan army into a decisive battle\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Factor\"\u003eCooperation between units\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Response confirmed in the records\"\u003eArrival of Kim Jong-hyeon's unit\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Role in the war\"\u003eTurned an evenly matched battle in Goryeo's favor\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUriyeoksanet's commentary also identifies the transmission of battlefield information as a factor behind the victory. It also discusses the state's control over Gaegyeong's residents. These conditions allowed commanders' decisions to translate into military action. However, the sources examined do not allow the specific means of communication to be reconstructed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#peace-and-stable-relations-after-the-battle\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"peace-and-stable-relations-after-the-battle\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003ePeace and Stable Relations After the Battle\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRelations stabilized as a peace agreement followed the victory. Goryeo sent envoys to the Khitan to pursue peace. Hyeonjong's investiture and the use of the Khitan era name formed part of the diplomatic settlement. Investiture was the procedure through which an emperor recognized the status of another country's king.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMilitary victory and acceptance of diplomatic formalities could coexist. Even after winning the battle, Goryeo established diplomatic relations with the Khitan. The two states then maintained relations for a long period without major military clashes. Uriyeoksanet describes this as a key outcome of the war's end.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eContinued peace did not mean an end to defensive preparations. Goryeo continued to improve defensive facilities in the capital and along the borders. Peace and stronger defenses thus proceeded together. This pattern can also be seen in \u003ca href=\"https://contents.history.go.kr/mobile/ta/view.do?levelId=ta_m51_0060_0030\"\u003eUriyeoksanet's textbook materials on Goryeo's foreign relations\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#how-to-read-troop-figures-separately-for-each-battle\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"how-to-read-troop-figures-separately-for-each-battle\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eHow to Read Troop Figures Separately for Each Battle\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTroop numbers at the beginning of the war must not be treated as the numbers present at Gwiju. Each recorded figure refers to a particular time and group. Separate evidence is needed to establish troop strength after continued movements and battles.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"overflow-x-auto\"\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eRecorded figure\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eRelevant time and group\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eWhat the figure alone cannot establish\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Recorded figure\"\u003e208,300 Goryeo soldiers\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Relevant time and group\"\u003eTroops led by commanders responding to the invasion in 1018\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"What the figure alone cannot establish\"\u003eThat all of them assembled at Gwiju at the same time\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Recorded figure\"\u003e100,000 Khitan soldiers\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Relevant time and group\"\u003eClaimed troop strength at the time of the invasion in 1018\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"What the figure alone cannot establish\"\u003eThe exact number remaining immediately before the decisive battle at Gwiju\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Recorded figure\"\u003e12,000 cavalry\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Relevant time and group\"\u003eTroops selected for the ambush at Heunghwajin\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"What the figure alone cannot establish\"\u003eThe number of cavalry at Gwiju\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Recorded figure\"\u003e10,000 soldiers\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Relevant time and group\"\u003eTroops assigned to Kim Jong-hyeon to reinforce the capital in the 1st lunar month of 1019\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"What the figure alone cannot establish\"\u003eThat their number was unchanged when they arrived at Gwiju\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Recorded figure\"\u003eSeveral thousand\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Relevant time and group\"\u003eThe record of Khitan soldiers who returned after the defeat\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"What the figure alone cannot establish\"\u003eThe exact number killed or the loss rate\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese distinctions follow the narrative sequence in \u003cem\u003eGoryeosa\u003c/em\u003e. Simply dividing the initial troop figures and presenting the result as the force ratio at Gwiju changes the scope of the figures. Nor can everyone other than those who returned be counted as killed in action. The context of the numbers can be checked against \u003ca href=\"https://db.history.go.kr/id/kr_094_0010_0030_0060\"\u003ethe original text of \u003cem\u003eGoryeosa\u003c/em\u003e, volume 94\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#records-and-interpretations\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"records-and-interpretations\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eRecords and Interpretations\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFacts stated in the records must be distinguished from later explanations. The historical sources also contain errors in personal names and approximate figures. Even when several records describe the same war, their dates and locations do not match completely.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#what-the-records-directly-state\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"what-the-records-directly-state\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eWhat the Records Directly State\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGoryeosa\u003c/em\u003e records the water attack at Heunghwajin and the reinforcements at Gwiju separately. \u003cem\u003eGoryeosa jeoryo\u003c/em\u003e gives the month and day of the decisive battle at Gwiju. \u003cem\u003eLiaoshi\u003c/em\u003e also records the defeat of Khitan forces fighting Goryeo.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, the relevant entry in \u003cem\u003eLiaoshi\u003c/em\u003e does not match the date of Gwiju exactly. The Korean History Database classifies it as an entry for the 12th lunar month of 1018. The battle locations are also given as Daha and Taha. The \u003ca href=\"https://db.history.go.kr/id/cnkb_040r_0100_0020\"\u003eentry in \u003cem\u003eLiaoshi\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/a\u003e therefore should not be assumed to be an on-site account from the same day.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#interpretations-presented-in-historical-commentary\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"interpretations-presented-in-historical-commentary\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eInterpretations Presented in Historical Commentary\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe National Institute of Korean History's commentary explains the victory primarily through the defense of the capital and cooperation between units. It connects the blow inflicted at Heunghwajin with the blocking of the retreat route at Gwiju. It also interprets long-term changes in relations, including the peace agreement after the war.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWind and rain are one element of the battle conditions mentioned in the sources. That does not provide grounds to conclude that weather alone decided the outcome. The arrival of troops and the shift to an offensive also appear in the same record.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#errors-in-personal-names-and-remaining-uncertainties\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"errors-in-personal-names-and-remaining-uncertainties\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eErrors in Personal Names and Remaining Uncertainties\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Khitan commander at the time was So Bae-ap. The relevant passage in \u003cem\u003eGoryeosa\u003c/em\u003e gives the name So Son-nyeong. Uriyeoksanet's commentary explicitly identifies this as an error in the source. Reproducing the original name without checking it would misidentify the commander.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe records examined do not make it possible to establish the exact number of troops on the battlefield. Nor can all the detailed deployments at Gwiju be reconstructed. These gaps must not be filled with invented dialogue for commanders or scenes of operational meetings.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#what-this-battle-means-for-readers-today\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"what-this-battle-means-for-readers-today\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eWhat This Battle Means for Readers Today\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis battle shows the relationship between military achievements and diplomatic outcomes. The defense of the capital and the defeat of the retreating army were distinct processes. After the war, diplomacy followed to stabilize relations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese distinctions are also useful when organizing historical information as data. Dates must indicate whether they follow the lunar calendar. Troop figures need a time and a clearly identified group. When correcting an error in a historical source, both the original wording and the grounds for correction must be retained.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#frequently-asked-questions\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"frequently-asked-questions\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eFrequently Asked Questions\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#were-gwiju-and-heunghwajin-the-same-battlefield\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"were-gwiju-and-heunghwajin-the-same-battlefield\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eWere Gwiju and Heunghwajin the Same Battlefield?\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThey were different places. The tactic of blocking a waterway and then releasing the water is recorded at Heunghwajin. At Gwiju, Goryeo forces fought the retreating Khitan army.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#how-did-troops-defending-gaegyeong-appear-at-the-battle-of-gwiju\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"how-did-troops-defending-gaegyeong-appear-at-the-battle-of-gwiju\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eHow Did Troops Defending Gaegyeong Appear at the Battle of Gwiju?\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKim Jong-hyeon's unit was first dispatched to defend Gaegyeong. It is later recorded as joining the standoff at Gwiju. However, the passages examined do not describe its entire route.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#is-it-accurate-to-say-that-the-khitan-army-was-annihilated\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"is-it-accurate-to-say-that-the-khitan-army-was-annihilated\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eIs It Accurate to Say That the Khitan Army Was Annihilated?\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt is inaccurate if this means that not a single soldier survived. \u003cem\u003eGoryeosa\u003c/em\u003e states that several thousand Khitan soldiers returned. The record's point is that the defeat was extremely severe.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#did-goryeo-maintain-diplomatic-relations-with-the-khitan-even-after-its-victory\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"did-goryeo-maintain-diplomatic-relations-with-the-khitan-even-after-its-victory\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eDid Goryeo Maintain Diplomatic Relations with the Khitan Even After Its Victory?\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGoryeo made peace with the Khitan after its victory. Hyeonjong's investiture and the use of the Khitan era name followed. Relations after the military victory can only be understood by also considering this diplomatic settlement.\u003c/p\u003e\n","tags":["History of Goryeo","Goryeo period"],"faqs":[{"question":"When did the Battle of Gwiju take place?","answer":"Goryeosa jeolyo records it as an event in 1019, the 10th year of Hyeonjong's reign, on the 1st day of the 2nd lunar month. It was the decisive battle that ended the third Khitan invasion, which began in 1018."},{"question":"Where is Gwiju today?","answer":"It is the area around present-day Guseong in North Pyeongan Province, North Korea. Goryeosa states that the Goryeo army confronted the Khitan army on the eastern outskirts of Gwiju."},{"question":"Was the battle in which ox hides were used to dam the water the Battle of Gwiju?","answer":"That tactic was used in the Battle of Heunghwajin. The account of the decisive battle at Gwiju centers on the confrontation between the two armies and Kim Jong-hyeon's troops joining the battle."},{"question":"Why did the Khitan army head toward Gaegyeong after its defeat at Heunghwajin?","answer":"Even after its defeat, the Khitan army continued its advance toward the capital. Our History Net explains that it may have been trying to secure the Goryeo king's surrender. This is an interpretation based on the course of the advance."},{"question":"What were Hyeonjong's scorched-earth measures?","answer":"These measures involved moving residents from outside the city walls to within them and removing grain from the fields. They were intended to make it difficult for the enemy to obtain food and supplies locally."},{"question":"What roles did Gang Min-cheom and Kim Jong-hyeon play?","answer":"Gang Min-cheom took part in the pursuit as deputy commander-in-chief. Kim Jong-hyeon helped defend the capital before joining the Battle of Gwiju. The records state that the Goryeo army's offensive intensified after his troops joined the battle."},{"question":"Did all 208,300 Goryeo soldiers fight at Gwiju?","answer":"That cannot be stated with certainty. This figure is recorded as the number of troops led in response to the invasion of 1018. It must be distinguished from the number of troops actually assembled for the decisive battle at Gwiju."},{"question":"Was the Khitan commander So Son-nyeong or So Bae-ap?","answer":"The commander of the third invasion was So Bae-ap. The relevant passage in Goryeosa names So Son-nyeong. Our History Net's commentary explains that this is an error in the person's name."},{"question":"How did relations between Goryeo and the Khitan change after the Battle of Gwiju?","answer":"The two countries made peace and maintained relations without major military clashes for a long time. Goryeo also strengthened its defenses while putting its diplomatic relations with the Khitan in order."}],"sources":[{"url":"https://contents.history.go.kr/front/hm/print.do?levelId=hm_048_0030","title":"National Institute of Korean History, Our History Net, Korean History Through Historical Sources, “Gang Gam-chan’s Great Victory at Gwiju”","type":"source"},{"url":"https://contents.history.go.kr/front/kc/printViewPopup.do?levelId=kc_i200400","title":"National Institute of Korean History, Our History Net, Chronicles of Korean History, “The Great Victory at Gwiju”","type":"source"},{"url":"https://contents.history.go.kr/mobile/ta/view.do?levelId=ta_m51_0060_0030","title":"National Institute of Korean History, Our History Net, Middle School Korean History, 5th Curriculum, “Foreign Relations in the Early Goryeo Period”","type":"source"},{"url":"https://db.history.go.kr/id/kr_094_0010_0030_0060","title":"Korean History Database, Goryeosa, Volume 94, Biographies 7, account of Gang Gam-chan’s repulsion of the Khitan army","type":"source"},{"url":"https://db.history.go.kr/id/kj_003r_0010_0100_0130","title":"Korean History Database, Goryeosa Jeoryo, Volume 3, year 9 of Hyeonjong, month 12","type":"source"},{"url":"https://db.history.go.kr/id/kj_003r_0010_0110_0020_0010","title":"Korean History Database, Goryeosa Jeoryo, Volume 3, year 10 of Hyeonjong, lunar month 2, day 1, account of the victory at Gwiju","type":"data_point"},{"url":"https://db.history.go.kr/id/cnkb_040r_0100_0020","title":"Korean History Database, Liaoshi, Volume 16, Annals of Shengzong, account of the defeat of Xiao Paiya and others","type":"source"}],"images":[{"id":2217,"url":"https://injoys.com/rails/active_storage/blobs/proxy/eyJfcmFpbHMiOnsiZGF0YSI6MzQwNjAsInB1ciI6ImJsb2JfaWQifX0=--94012237b53f17351f8ba99f2de96317f3e9e05d/ai-242c15d5.webp","is_representative":false,"generation_method":"ai_semi","license":"ai_generated","mime_type":"image/webp","width":1536,"height":1024,"translations":{"ko":{"alt":"비 내리는 산악 계곡에서 병사들이 산길을 내려오고, 기병과 수레 행렬이 진흙길을 따라 이어진다.","caption":"김종현 부대의 합류는 귀주의 전세를 고려군에 유리하게 바꾸었다.","description":null},"en":{"alt":"Troops descend a mountain path as cavalry and wagons cross a rain-soaked valley along muddy roads.","caption":"The arrival of Kim Jong-hyeon’s troops shifted the balance at Gwiju in Goryeo’s favor.","description":null},"ja":{"alt":"雨の降る山間の谷で兵士たちが山道を下り、騎兵と荷車の列がぬかるんだ道を進む。","caption":"金宗鉉の部隊の合流により、亀州の戦況は高麗軍に有利に転じた。","description":null},"es":{"alt":"Soldados bajan por un sendero mientras jinetes y carros recorren caminos fangosos en un valle lluvioso.","caption":"La llegada de las tropas de Kim Jong-hyeon inclinó la balanza en Gwiju a favor de Goryeo.","description":null},"id":{"alt":"Pasukan menuruni jalur gunung, sementara kavaleri dan kereta melintasi jalan berlumpur di lembah yang diguyur hujan.","caption":"Bergabungnya pasukan Kim Jong-hyeon mengubah keadaan di Gwiju menjadi lebih menguntungkan Goryeo.","description":null},"pt":{"alt":"Soldados descem uma trilha enquanto cavaleiros e carroças percorrem estradas lamacentas num vale sob chuva.","caption":"A chegada das tropas de Kim Jong-hyeon alterou o equilíbrio em Gwiju a favor de Goryeo.","description":null},"zh-hant":{"alt":"雨中的山谷裡，士兵沿山徑下行，騎兵與車隊沿著泥濘道路前進。","caption":"金宗鉉部隊的加入，使龜州戰局轉為有利於高麗軍。","description":null},"de":{"alt":"Soldaten steigen ins verregnete Gebirgstal hinab, während Reiter und Wagen schlammigen Wegen folgen.","caption":"Die Ankunft von Kim Jong-hyeons Truppen verschob das Kräfteverhältnis bei Gwiju zugunsten Goryeos.","description":null}}},{"id":2218,"url":"https://injoys.com/rails/active_storage/blobs/proxy/eyJfcmFpbHMiOnsiZGF0YSI6MzQwNjYsInB1ciI6ImJsb2JfaWQifX0=--31912edf42ba190492a2debb5bb5a32b20960be0/ai-ab3d0a45.webp","is_representative":false,"generation_method":"ai_semi","license":"ai_generated","mime_type":"image/webp","width":1536,"height":1024,"translations":{"ko":{"alt":"눈 덮인 추수 뒤 들판을 지나 개경 성문으로 향하는 주민들과 곡식 자루를 실은 수레","caption":"현종의 청야 조치는 거란군에 맞선 개경 방어에 기여했다.","description":null},"en":{"alt":"Residents carrying baskets and grain-laden carts cross snowy fields toward Gaegyeong's fortified gate.","caption":"Hyeonjong's scorched-earth measures helped defend Gaegyeong against the Khitan army.","description":null},"ja":{"alt":"雪の残る収穫後の畑を通り、籠を背負って開京の城門へ向かう住民と穀物袋を積んだ荷車","caption":"顕宗の清野策は、契丹軍に対する開京の防衛に役立った。","description":null},"es":{"alt":"Vecinos con cestas y carros cargados de grano cruzan campos nevados hacia la puerta fortificada de Gaegyeong.","caption":"Las medidas de tierra quemada de Hyeonjong contribuyeron a defender Gaegyeong frente al ejército kitán.","description":null},"id":{"alt":"Warga membawa keranjang dan pedati sarat gandum melintasi ladang bersalju menuju gerbang benteng Gaegyeong.","caption":"Kebijakan bumi hangus Hyeonjong membantu pertahanan Gaegyeong melawan pasukan Khitan.","description":null},"pt":{"alt":"Moradores com cestos e carroças cheias de grãos cruzam campos nevados rumo ao portão fortificado de Gaegyeong.","caption":"As medidas de terra arrasada de Hyeonjong contribuíram para a defesa de Gaegyeong contra o exército quitã.","description":null},"zh-hant":{"alt":"居民背著竹籃，與滿載糧袋的木車穿過收割後覆雪的田野，前往開京城門","caption":"顯宗的堅壁清野措施有助於開京抵禦契丹軍。","description":null},"de":{"alt":"Bewohner mit Körben und Getreidekarren ziehen über verschneite Felder zum befestigten Stadttor von Gaegyeong.","caption":"Hyeonjongs Politik der verbrannten Erde trug zur Verteidigung Gaegyeongs gegen das Kitan-Heer bei.","description":null}}}],"published_at":"2026-10-28T22:39:56+09:00","updated_at":"2026-10-28T22:39:56+09:00","license":"cc_by","translation_status":"reviewed","available_locales":["ko","en","ja","es"],"data_locales":["ko","en","ja","es","id","pt","zh-hant","de"],"url":"https://injoys.com/en/articles/gwiju-battle-1019-course-victory-factors"}