{"content_id":"tuhdxnernh","slug":"korean-provisional-government-1932-1940-relocation-and-army-formation","locale":"en","schema_type":"Article","category":"case_study","category_name":"Case Study","title":"Korean Provisional Government Moves and Army Formation","summary":"After leaving Shanghai in 1932, the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea continued organizing its government and planning the formation of an army even as it sought refuge. It established the General Headquarters of the Korean Liberation Army in Chongqing in 1940, and troop recruitment and unit expansion continued afterward.","sponsorship_disclosure":null,"affiliate_disclosure":null,"commerce_disclosure":null,"author":{"name":"Injoys Editorial Team","url":"https://injoys.com/ko/about"},"key_points":["After leaving Shanghai in 1932, the Provisional Government passed through several cities before settling in Chongqing in September 1940.","Troop recruitment by the military special mission and fundraising by Koreans in the Americas supported the founding of the Korean Liberation Army.","Resisting Chinese demands for command authority, the Provisional Government pursued the army's formation independently.","The issuance of the declaration on September 15, 1940, and the ceremony marking the establishment of the General Headquarters on September 17 were separate events.","At the time of founding, only the General Headquarters was fully organized; actual units and troop strength were expanded afterward."],"content_markdown":"From 1932 to 1940, the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea moved from place to place to escape Japanese pursuit and war. Even while in flight, it maintained its organization and plans to form an army. The process that led to the founding of the Korean Liberation Army in Chongqing in 1940 is remembered as a chapter in establishing the military foundations of the independence movement.\n\nThis article draws on the National Institute of Korean History’s *Collection of Materials on the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea* and other sources, checked in November 2026.\n\n## What Kind of Organization Was the Provisional Government?\n\nThe Provisional Government was a governmental organization seeking to establish an independent democratic republic. The March 1 Movement of 1919 led to movements to establish a government both in Korea and abroad. On April 11 that year, the Provisional Government was established in Shanghai (上海). In September, it unified provisional government groups in Korea and abroad.\n\nThe Provisional Charter of 1919 established democratic republicanism as the principle of governance. The Provisional Government pursued diplomacy and raised funds for independence. Education and the compilation of history were also part of its activities. Forming an army was another task pursued from its earliest days. [National Memorial of the Korean Provisional Government, Virtual Memorial](https://www.nmkpg.go.kr/meta/timeline)\n\n## Why It Left Shanghai\n\nThe immediate reason for leaving Shanghai in 1932 was Japanese pursuit. Following Yun Bong-gil’s attack, Japan searched for the organization behind it. Provisional Government leaders scattered to avoid arrest.\n\nThe government offices moved to Hangzhou (杭州). Some leaders, including Kim Gu, took refuge in Jiaxing (嘉興). The government’s location did not always coincide with the residences of all its leaders.\n\nAfter the Sino-Japanese War began in 1937, the expanding front accelerated these moves. The Japanese military’s advance made it difficult to remain at existing bases. Fleeing also meant repeatedly changing the places where government business was conducted. [Encyclopedia of Korean Culture, “Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea”](https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0015017)\n\n## Timeline of the Provisional Government’s Relocations\n\nThe main government offices moved from Shanghai toward inland China. The table below summarizes the government’s main bases of activity. It does not list individual leaders’ places of refuge or every stop along the way.\n\n| Period | Main Base and Event | Source |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| May 1932 | Left Shanghai and relocated to Hangzhou | Encyclopedia of Korean Culture, “Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea” |\n| November 1935 | Relocated to Zhenjiang (鎭江) | Encyclopedia of Korean Culture, “Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea” |\n| Late 1937 | Moved to Changsha (長沙) during the Sino-Japanese War | Encyclopedia of Korean Culture, “Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea” |\n| July 1938 | Established government offices in Guangzhou (廣州) | Encyclopedia of Korean Culture, “Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea” |\n| Second half of 1938 | Moved to Liuzhou (柳州) to escape Japanese attacks | Encyclopedia of Korean Culture; memorial timeline |\n| May 1939 | Arrived in Qijiang (綦江) | Introduction to Volume 10 of *Collection of Materials on the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea* |\n| September 1940 | Settled in Chongqing (重慶) | Encyclopedia of Korean Culture; memorial timeline |\n| September 15, 1940 | Issued the Korean Liberation Army Declaration in Kim Gu’s name | Our History Net, “Korean Liberation Army Declaration” |\n| September 17, 1940 | Held the inauguration ceremony for General Headquarters in Chongqing | National Memorial of the Korean Provisional Government, account of the army’s founding |\n\nExplanatory sources differ on the exact months of some moves. The encyclopedia describes the move to Liuzhou as a departure in October. The memorial’s timeline records the move in November. The table uses the period supported by both sources.\n\n## How Was the Formation of an Army Prepared During the Relocations?\n\nPreparations to found an army began before the government settled in Chongqing. The Provisional Government had been working to train military officers. In 1934, a special class for Koreans was established at Luoyang Military Academy (洛陽軍官學校). In 1937, it established a Military Affairs Commission. [Encyclopedia of Korean Culture, “Korean Liberation Army”](https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0005134)\n\nOrganizing an army required personnel and operating funds. Negotiations over operating on Chinese territory were another task. Each area of preparation served a different role, as shown below.\n\n| Preparatory Task | Measures Taken | Role in Founding the Army |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Recruiting personnel | Organized a military mission led by Jo Seong-hwan and dispatched it to the Xi’an (西安) area | Established a basis for recruiting Koreans in northern China |\n| Securing operating funds | Informed Koreans in the Americas of the army formation plan and requested support | Secured funds to proceed with organizing the army |\n| Negotiating with China | Requested consent for forming the army and financial support | Negotiated the conditions for military activities in China |\n\nThe military mission recruited with help from local Chinese forces. Koreans in the Americas supported the army’s founding through fundraising. However, support from overseas Koreans alone was not enough to cover all military operating costs. [National Memorial of the Korean Provisional Government, “The Founding and Early Operation of the Korean Liberation Army”](https://www.nmkpg.go.kr/webzine/story/cn.do?rid=368)\n\n## Settling in Chongqing and the Decision to Found an Army Independently\n\nThe turning point was the decision to establish an army independently while negotiations with China were delayed. In May 1940, the Provisional Government submitted a plan to organize an army. The document was titled “Outline Plan for the Organization and Training of the Korean Liberation Army.”\n\nThe Chinese side sought to place the Korean Liberation Army under Chinese military command. The Provisional Government sought to retain command of its own army. Agreement in principle to the army’s establishment was different from a detailed agreement on its operation.\n\nThe Provisional Government proceeded with founding the army before negotiations were complete. On September 17, it held the inauguration ceremony for General Headquarters in Chongqing. This did not mean that all matters concerning its relationship with the Chinese authorities had been settled. Questions of command authority and financial support remained after the founding. [Introduction to Volume 10 of *Collection of Materials on the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea*](https://db.history.go.kr/id/ij_010_%241exp)\n\n## The Difference Between Issuing the Declaration and Holding the Inauguration Ceremony\n\nThe date of the declaration must be distinguished from the date of the inauguration ceremony for General Headquarters. The “Korean Liberation Army Declaration” was issued on **September 15, 1940**. Kim Gu issued it in his capacity as president of the Provisional Government and chairman of the founding committee.\n\n| Event | Date | What the Records Show |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Issuing the declaration | September 15, 1940 | Announced the basis for founding the army and its purpose of waging war against Japan |\n| Inauguration ceremony for General Headquarters | September 17, 1940 | Held a ceremony in Chongqing announcing the establishment of General Headquarters |\n\nThe declaration cited the Military Organization Act drawn up by the Provisional Government as its legal basis. It also stated the aim of cooperating with China to wage war against Japan. The document said that General Headquarters would be established on September 17. The original text and commentary are available in the relevant historical source entry on Our History Net. [Our History Net, “Korean Liberation Army Declaration”](https://contents.history.go.kr/front/hm/view.do?levelId=hm_127_0005)\n\n## The Organization in Place at the Founding and the Tasks That Followed\n\nGeneral Headquarters was the organization fully formed at the time of the founding. Not all combat units were in place from the outset. Recruitment and training continued after the army was established.\n\nJi Cheong-cheon served as commander-in-chief, and Yi Beom-seok as chief of staff. General Headquarters later moved to Xi’an to pursue recruitment. The existing base of the military mission’s activities was used in this process.\n\n| What the Founding Established | What Needed Further Development |\n| --- | --- |\n| General Headquarters to command the army | Personnel to form actual units |\n| A command structure and organizational framework | Military training for recruits |\n| Formal launch as the Provisional Government’s army | Continuing funds for military operations |\n\nThe memorial’s account of the army’s founding explains this gradual organizational development. Units listed in the organizational structure must therefore be distinguished from actual troop strength. The existence of a unit’s name alone is not enough to assess its combat strength. [National Memorial of the Korean Provisional Government, account of the army’s founding](https://www.nmkpg.go.kr/webzine/story/cn.do?rid=368)\n\n## Why Were the Government’s Location and Recruitment Bases Different?\n\nGovernment administration and military recruitment required different kinds of locations. Chongqing was the political base where the Provisional Government settled. Xi’an was a base for military activities well placed for contact with Koreans in northern China.\n\n| Location | Role During This Period | Records to Examine Alongside It |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Chongqing | Government administration and the launch of Korean Liberation Army General Headquarters | Government documents and records of the inauguration ceremony |\n| Xi’an | Military mission activities and recruitment after the army’s founding | Records of recruitment and the relocation of General Headquarters |\n| Korean communities in the Americas | Fundraising and financial support for the army’s founding | Records concerning support and independence funds |\n\nThis distinction offers one framework for interpreting the history of the relocations. The government’s location alone cannot explain where the independence movement as a whole operated. The army’s founding can be understood as the result of connections between personnel and funding across several regions. [Introduction to Volume 10 of *Collection of Materials on the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea*](https://db.history.go.kr/id/ij_010_%241exp)\n\n## Achievements and Limitations After the Army’s Founding\n\nAfter its founding, the Korean Liberation Army expanded by incorporating other independence movement groups. The Korean Youth Battlefield Mission Corps joined in 1941. In 1942, the headquarters troops of the Korean Volunteer Corps who had remained in Chongqing were incorporated.\n\nThe Provisional Government declared war on Japan on December 10, 1941. The Korean Liberation Army later cooperated with British forces on the India and Myanmar fronts. Training conducted with the American OSS aimed to prepare for infiltration into Korea. The planned infiltration operation was not carried out because Japan surrendered.\n\nLiberation did not guarantee that the government and army could return as organized bodies. The U.S. military government did not recognize the Provisional Government or the Korean Liberation Army. Members of the Korean Liberation Army had to return to Korea as private individuals. [Our History Net, “Korean Liberation Army”](https://contents.history.go.kr/mobile/kc/view.do?levelId=kc_o403810)\n\n## Records and Interpretation\n\nClaims made in contemporary documents should be read separately from explanations in later research. The declaration shows the grounds and objectives stated by those who founded the army. Explanatory sources place the document within the process of negotiation and organizational formation.\n\n### Facts Confirmed by the Records\n\nThe declaration cites the Military Organization Act of 1919 as the basis for founding the army. It also mentions permission from Chiang Kai-shek (蔣介石). It sets the goal of waging war against Japan through Korean-Chinese cooperation.\n\n### Assessments Commonly Presented in Research Commentary\n\nThe founding of the army is described as an achievement of the Provisional Government’s continuing policy of military organization. The training of military officers and support from overseas Koreans are presented as its background. The expansion of troop strength after the launch of General Headquarters is also treated as a separate process.\n\n### Points Described Differently by the Sources\n\nAccounts give either September 15 or 17 as the founding date. Our History Net’s chronology gives the 15th, based on the issuance of the declaration. The memorial’s account of the army’s founding gives the 17th, when the inauguration ceremony was held. Separating the dates of the two events makes the difference between these accounts clearer.\n\nChina’s permission also requires a distinction between the scopes of approval. Our History Net’s commentary on the historical source distinguishes permission in principle from formal approval. The wording of the declaration alone cannot be taken to mean that all negotiations had ended. The sources checked here do not provide sufficient grounds to characterize this as a scholarly controversy. [Our History Net, commentary on the declaration](https://contents.history.go.kr/front/hm/view.do?levelId=hm_127_0005)\n\n## The Significance of Studying the Relocations Today\n\nThe history of the relocations shows concretely what enabled the Provisional Government to survive. Beyond the resolve of individuals, government organization and local cooperation played a role. Military activities were connected to financial support from overseas Korean communities.\n\nUnderstanding historic sites also requires distinguishing the functions of different places. Government offices, individuals’ places of refuge, and the venue for the army’s founding ceremony were different spaces. Even sites from the same period reflect different activities. The National Memorial of the Korean Provisional Government’s virtual memorial presents related timelines and artifacts together. [Memorial’s virtual timeline](https://www.nmkpg.go.kr/meta/timeline)\n\n## Frequently Asked Questions\n\n### Did Preparations to Found the Army Begin Only After Arrival in Chongqing?\n\nPreparations to found the army were already underway during the period of relocation. Military officer training and the activities of the military mission came first. General Headquarters was launched in Chongqing on the basis of those preparations.\n\n### Was the Korean Liberation Army a Large Combat Force from the Outset?\n\nGeneral Headquarters was the organization completed at the time of the founding. Recruitment and training to form actual units continued. The founding ceremony and the buildup of combat strength were separate stages.\n\n### Was Chinese Support Incompatible with the Provisional Government’s Independent Founding of the Army?\n\nSecuring support and retaining command authority were separate issues. The Provisional Government sought Chinese support while pursuing its own command authority. This is why negotiations for support and the policy of independently founding the army existed side by side.\n\n### Why Are Jiaxing or Nanjing Added to the Relocation Route?\n\nSources cover both government offices and places where government leaders were active. Kim Gu and others took refuge in Jiaxing. During the Zhenjiang period, several leaders lived in Nanjing (南京). When comparing routes, it is important to check whose or what relocation each route represents.","content_html":"\u003cp\u003eFrom 1932 to 1940, the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea moved from place to place to escape Japanese pursuit and war. Even while in flight, it maintained its organization and plans to form an army. The process that led to the founding of the Korean Liberation Army in Chongqing in 1940 is remembered as a chapter in establishing the military foundations of the independence movement.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis article draws on the National Institute of Korean History’s \u003cem\u003eCollection of Materials on the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea\u003c/em\u003e and other sources, checked in November 2026.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#what-kind-of-organization-was-the-provisional-government\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"what-kind-of-organization-was-the-provisional-government\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eWhat Kind of Organization Was the Provisional Government?\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Provisional Government was a governmental organization seeking to establish an independent democratic republic. The March 1 Movement of 1919 led to movements to establish a government both in Korea and abroad. On April 11 that year, the Provisional Government was established in Shanghai (上海). In September, it unified provisional government groups in Korea and abroad.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Provisional Charter of 1919 established democratic republicanism as the principle of governance. The Provisional Government pursued diplomacy and raised funds for independence. Education and the compilation of history were also part of its activities. Forming an army was another task pursued from its earliest days. \u003ca href=\"https://www.nmkpg.go.kr/meta/timeline\"\u003eNational Memorial of the Korean Provisional Government, Virtual Memorial\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#why-it-left-shanghai\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"why-it-left-shanghai\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eWhy It Left Shanghai\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe immediate reason for leaving Shanghai in 1932 was Japanese pursuit. Following Yun Bong-gil’s attack, Japan searched for the organization behind it. Provisional Government leaders scattered to avoid arrest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe government offices moved to Hangzhou (杭州). Some leaders, including Kim Gu, took refuge in Jiaxing (嘉興). The government’s location did not always coincide with the residences of all its leaders.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAfter the Sino-Japanese War began in 1937, the expanding front accelerated these moves. The Japanese military’s advance made it difficult to remain at existing bases. Fleeing also meant repeatedly changing the places where government business was conducted. \u003ca href=\"https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0015017\"\u003eEncyclopedia of Korean Culture, “Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea”\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#timeline-of-the-provisional-governments-relocations\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"timeline-of-the-provisional-governments-relocations\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eTimeline of the Provisional Government’s Relocations\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe main government offices moved from Shanghai toward inland China. The table below summarizes the government’s main bases of activity. It does not list individual leaders’ places of refuge or every stop along the way.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"overflow-x-auto\"\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003ePeriod\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eMain Base and Event\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eSource\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Period\"\u003eMay 1932\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Main Base and Event\"\u003eLeft Shanghai and relocated to Hangzhou\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Source\"\u003eEncyclopedia of Korean Culture, “Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea”\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Period\"\u003eNovember 1935\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Main Base and Event\"\u003eRelocated to Zhenjiang (鎭江)\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Source\"\u003eEncyclopedia of Korean Culture, “Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea”\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Period\"\u003eLate 1937\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Main Base and Event\"\u003eMoved to Changsha (長沙) during the Sino-Japanese War\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Source\"\u003eEncyclopedia of Korean Culture, “Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea”\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Period\"\u003eJuly 1938\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Main Base and Event\"\u003eEstablished government offices in Guangzhou (廣州)\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Source\"\u003eEncyclopedia of Korean Culture, “Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea”\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Period\"\u003eSecond half of 1938\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Main Base and Event\"\u003eMoved to Liuzhou (柳州) to escape Japanese attacks\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Source\"\u003eEncyclopedia of Korean Culture; memorial timeline\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Period\"\u003eMay 1939\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Main Base and Event\"\u003eArrived in Qijiang (綦江)\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Source\"\u003eIntroduction to Volume 10 of \u003cem\u003eCollection of Materials on the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea\u003c/em\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Period\"\u003eSeptember 1940\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Main Base and Event\"\u003eSettled in Chongqing (重慶)\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Source\"\u003eEncyclopedia of Korean Culture; memorial timeline\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Period\"\u003eSeptember 15, 1940\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Main Base and Event\"\u003eIssued the Korean Liberation Army Declaration in Kim Gu’s name\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Source\"\u003eOur History Net, “Korean Liberation Army Declaration”\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Period\"\u003eSeptember 17, 1940\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Main Base and Event\"\u003eHeld the inauguration ceremony for General Headquarters in Chongqing\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Source\"\u003eNational Memorial of the Korean Provisional Government, account of the army’s founding\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExplanatory sources differ on the exact months of some moves. The encyclopedia describes the move to Liuzhou as a departure in October. The memorial’s timeline records the move in November. The table uses the period supported by both sources.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#how-was-the-formation-of-an-army-prepared-during-the-relocations\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"how-was-the-formation-of-an-army-prepared-during-the-relocations\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eHow Was the Formation of an Army Prepared During the Relocations?\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePreparations to found an army began before the government settled in Chongqing. The Provisional Government had been working to train military officers. In 1934, a special class for Koreans was established at Luoyang Military Academy (洛陽軍官學校). In 1937, it established a Military Affairs Commission. \u003ca href=\"https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0005134\"\u003eEncyclopedia of Korean Culture, “Korean Liberation Army”\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOrganizing an army required personnel and operating funds. Negotiations over operating on Chinese territory were another task. Each area of preparation served a different role, as shown below.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"overflow-x-auto\"\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003ePreparatory Task\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eMeasures Taken\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eRole in Founding the Army\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Preparatory Task\"\u003eRecruiting personnel\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Measures Taken\"\u003eOrganized a military mission led by Jo Seong-hwan and dispatched it to the Xi’an (西安) area\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Role in Founding the Army\"\u003eEstablished a basis for recruiting Koreans in northern China\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Preparatory Task\"\u003eSecuring operating funds\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Measures Taken\"\u003eInformed Koreans in the Americas of the army formation plan and requested support\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Role in Founding the Army\"\u003eSecured funds to proceed with organizing the army\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Preparatory Task\"\u003eNegotiating with China\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Measures Taken\"\u003eRequested consent for forming the army and financial support\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Role in Founding the Army\"\u003eNegotiated the conditions for military activities in China\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe military mission recruited with help from local Chinese forces. Koreans in the Americas supported the army’s founding through fundraising. However, support from overseas Koreans alone was not enough to cover all military operating costs. \u003ca href=\"https://www.nmkpg.go.kr/webzine/story/cn.do?rid=368\"\u003eNational Memorial of the Korean Provisional Government, “The Founding and Early Operation of the Korean Liberation Army”\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#settling-in-chongqing-and-the-decision-to-found-an-army-independently\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"settling-in-chongqing-and-the-decision-to-found-an-army-independently\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eSettling in Chongqing and the Decision to Found an Army Independently\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe turning point was the decision to establish an army independently while negotiations with China were delayed. In May 1940, the Provisional Government submitted a plan to organize an army. The document was titled “Outline Plan for the Organization and Training of the Korean Liberation Army.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Chinese side sought to place the Korean Liberation Army under Chinese military command. The Provisional Government sought to retain command of its own army. Agreement in principle to the army’s establishment was different from a detailed agreement on its operation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Provisional Government proceeded with founding the army before negotiations were complete. On September 17, it held the inauguration ceremony for General Headquarters in Chongqing. This did not mean that all matters concerning its relationship with the Chinese authorities had been settled. Questions of command authority and financial support remained after the founding. \u003ca href=\"https://db.history.go.kr/id/ij_010_%241exp\"\u003eIntroduction to Volume 10 of \u003cem\u003eCollection of Materials on the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#the-difference-between-issuing-the-declaration-and-holding-the-inauguration-ceremony\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"the-difference-between-issuing-the-declaration-and-holding-the-inauguration-ceremony\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eThe Difference Between Issuing the Declaration and Holding the Inauguration Ceremony\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe date of the declaration must be distinguished from the date of the inauguration ceremony for General Headquarters. The “Korean Liberation Army Declaration” was issued on \u003cstrong\u003eSeptember 15, 1940\u003c/strong\u003e. Kim Gu issued it in his capacity as president of the Provisional Government and chairman of the founding committee.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"overflow-x-auto\"\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eEvent\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eDate\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eWhat the Records Show\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Event\"\u003eIssuing the declaration\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Date\"\u003eSeptember 15, 1940\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"What the Records Show\"\u003eAnnounced the basis for founding the army and its purpose of waging war against Japan\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Event\"\u003eInauguration ceremony for General Headquarters\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Date\"\u003eSeptember 17, 1940\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"What the Records Show\"\u003eHeld a ceremony in Chongqing announcing the establishment of General Headquarters\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe declaration cited the Military Organization Act drawn up by the Provisional Government as its legal basis. It also stated the aim of cooperating with China to wage war against Japan. The document said that General Headquarters would be established on September 17. The original text and commentary are available in the relevant historical source entry on Our History Net. \u003ca href=\"https://contents.history.go.kr/front/hm/view.do?levelId=hm_127_0005\"\u003eOur History Net, “Korean Liberation Army Declaration”\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#the-organization-in-place-at-the-founding-and-the-tasks-that-followed\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"the-organization-in-place-at-the-founding-and-the-tasks-that-followed\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eThe Organization in Place at the Founding and the Tasks That Followed\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGeneral Headquarters was the organization fully formed at the time of the founding. Not all combat units were in place from the outset. Recruitment and training continued after the army was established.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJi Cheong-cheon served as commander-in-chief, and Yi Beom-seok as chief of staff. General Headquarters later moved to Xi’an to pursue recruitment. The existing base of the military mission’s activities was used in this process.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"overflow-x-auto\"\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eWhat the Founding Established\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eWhat Needed Further Development\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"What the Founding Established\"\u003eGeneral Headquarters to command the army\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"What Needed Further Development\"\u003ePersonnel to form actual units\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"What the Founding Established\"\u003eA command structure and organizational framework\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"What Needed Further Development\"\u003eMilitary training for recruits\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"What the Founding Established\"\u003eFormal launch as the Provisional Government’s army\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"What Needed Further Development\"\u003eContinuing funds for military operations\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe memorial’s account of the army’s founding explains this gradual organizational development. Units listed in the organizational structure must therefore be distinguished from actual troop strength. The existence of a unit’s name alone is not enough to assess its combat strength. \u003ca href=\"https://www.nmkpg.go.kr/webzine/story/cn.do?rid=368\"\u003eNational Memorial of the Korean Provisional Government, account of the army’s founding\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#why-were-the-governments-location-and-recruitment-bases-different\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"why-were-the-governments-location-and-recruitment-bases-different\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eWhy Were the Government’s Location and Recruitment Bases Different?\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGovernment administration and military recruitment required different kinds of locations. Chongqing was the political base where the Provisional Government settled. Xi’an was a base for military activities well placed for contact with Koreans in northern China.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"overflow-x-auto\"\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eLocation\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eRole During This Period\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eRecords to Examine Alongside It\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Location\"\u003eChongqing\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Role During This Period\"\u003eGovernment administration and the launch of Korean Liberation Army General Headquarters\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Records to Examine Alongside It\"\u003eGovernment documents and records of the inauguration ceremony\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Location\"\u003eXi’an\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Role During This Period\"\u003eMilitary mission activities and recruitment after the army’s founding\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Records to Examine Alongside It\"\u003eRecords of recruitment and the relocation of General Headquarters\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Location\"\u003eKorean communities in the Americas\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Role During This Period\"\u003eFundraising and financial support for the army’s founding\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Records to Examine Alongside It\"\u003eRecords concerning support and independence funds\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis distinction offers one framework for interpreting the history of the relocations. The government’s location alone cannot explain where the independence movement as a whole operated. The army’s founding can be understood as the result of connections between personnel and funding across several regions. \u003ca href=\"https://db.history.go.kr/id/ij_010_%241exp\"\u003eIntroduction to Volume 10 of \u003cem\u003eCollection of Materials on the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#achievements-and-limitations-after-the-armys-founding\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"achievements-and-limitations-after-the-armys-founding\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eAchievements and Limitations After the Army’s Founding\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAfter its founding, the Korean Liberation Army expanded by incorporating other independence movement groups. The Korean Youth Battlefield Mission Corps joined in 1941. In 1942, the headquarters troops of the Korean Volunteer Corps who had remained in Chongqing were incorporated.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Provisional Government declared war on Japan on December 10, 1941. The Korean Liberation Army later cooperated with British forces on the India and Myanmar fronts. Training conducted with the American OSS aimed to prepare for infiltration into Korea. The planned infiltration operation was not carried out because Japan surrendered.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLiberation did not guarantee that the government and army could return as organized bodies. The U.S. military government did not recognize the Provisional Government or the Korean Liberation Army. Members of the Korean Liberation Army had to return to Korea as private individuals. \u003ca href=\"https://contents.history.go.kr/mobile/kc/view.do?levelId=kc_o403810\"\u003eOur History Net, “Korean Liberation Army”\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#records-and-interpretation\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"records-and-interpretation\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eRecords and Interpretation\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eClaims made in contemporary documents should be read separately from explanations in later research. The declaration shows the grounds and objectives stated by those who founded the army. Explanatory sources place the document within the process of negotiation and organizational formation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#facts-confirmed-by-the-records\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"facts-confirmed-by-the-records\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eFacts Confirmed by the Records\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe declaration cites the Military Organization Act of 1919 as the basis for founding the army. It also mentions permission from Chiang Kai-shek (蔣介石). It sets the goal of waging war against Japan through Korean-Chinese cooperation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#assessments-commonly-presented-in-research-commentary\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"assessments-commonly-presented-in-research-commentary\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eAssessments Commonly Presented in Research Commentary\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe founding of the army is described as an achievement of the Provisional Government’s continuing policy of military organization. The training of military officers and support from overseas Koreans are presented as its background. The expansion of troop strength after the launch of General Headquarters is also treated as a separate process.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#points-described-differently-by-the-sources\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"points-described-differently-by-the-sources\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003ePoints Described Differently by the Sources\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccounts give either September 15 or 17 as the founding date. Our History Net’s chronology gives the 15th, based on the issuance of the declaration. The memorial’s account of the army’s founding gives the 17th, when the inauguration ceremony was held. Separating the dates of the two events makes the difference between these accounts clearer.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eChina’s permission also requires a distinction between the scopes of approval. Our History Net’s commentary on the historical source distinguishes permission in principle from formal approval. The wording of the declaration alone cannot be taken to mean that all negotiations had ended. The sources checked here do not provide sufficient grounds to characterize this as a scholarly controversy. \u003ca href=\"https://contents.history.go.kr/front/hm/view.do?levelId=hm_127_0005\"\u003eOur History Net, commentary on the declaration\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#the-significance-of-studying-the-relocations-today\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"the-significance-of-studying-the-relocations-today\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eThe Significance of Studying the Relocations Today\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe history of the relocations shows concretely what enabled the Provisional Government to survive. Beyond the resolve of individuals, government organization and local cooperation played a role. Military activities were connected to financial support from overseas Korean communities.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUnderstanding historic sites also requires distinguishing the functions of different places. Government offices, individuals’ places of refuge, and the venue for the army’s founding ceremony were different spaces. Even sites from the same period reflect different activities. The National Memorial of the Korean Provisional Government’s virtual memorial presents related timelines and artifacts together. \u003ca href=\"https://www.nmkpg.go.kr/meta/timeline\"\u003eMemorial’s virtual timeline\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#frequently-asked-questions\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"frequently-asked-questions\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eFrequently Asked Questions\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#did-preparations-to-found-the-army-begin-only-after-arrival-in-chongqing\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"did-preparations-to-found-the-army-begin-only-after-arrival-in-chongqing\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eDid Preparations to Found the Army Begin Only After Arrival in Chongqing?\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePreparations to found the army were already underway during the period of relocation. Military officer training and the activities of the military mission came first. General Headquarters was launched in Chongqing on the basis of those preparations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#was-the-korean-liberation-army-a-large-combat-force-from-the-outset\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"was-the-korean-liberation-army-a-large-combat-force-from-the-outset\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eWas the Korean Liberation Army a Large Combat Force from the Outset?\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGeneral Headquarters was the organization completed at the time of the founding. Recruitment and training to form actual units continued. The founding ceremony and the buildup of combat strength were separate stages.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#was-chinese-support-incompatible-with-the-provisional-governments-independent-founding-of-the-army\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"was-chinese-support-incompatible-with-the-provisional-governments-independent-founding-of-the-army\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eWas Chinese Support Incompatible with the Provisional Government’s Independent Founding of the Army?\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSecuring support and retaining command authority were separate issues. The Provisional Government sought Chinese support while pursuing its own command authority. This is why negotiations for support and the policy of independently founding the army existed side by side.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#why-are-jiaxing-or-nanjing-added-to-the-relocation-route\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"why-are-jiaxing-or-nanjing-added-to-the-relocation-route\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eWhy Are Jiaxing or Nanjing Added to the Relocation Route?\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSources cover both government offices and places where government leaders were active. Kim Gu and others took refuge in Jiaxing. During the Zhenjiang period, several leaders lived in Nanjing (南京). When comparing routes, it is important to check whose or what relocation each route represents.\u003c/p\u003e\n","tags":["Independence movement","Modern Korean history","Cultural heritage"],"faqs":[{"question":"Why did the Provisional Government leave Shanghai?","answer":"Because Japan intensified its search for and pursuit of those behind Yun Bong-gil's 1932 attack. The government offices moved to Hangzhou, and key officials took refuge in various places."},{"question":"What was the Provisional Government's main relocation route from 1932 to 1940?","answer":"The main relocation route for the government offices was Shanghai, Hangzhou, Zhenjiang, Changsha, Guangzhou, Liuzhou, Qijiang, and Chongqing, in that order. Individuals' places of refuge and intermediate stops may differ from this list."},{"question":"When did the Provisional Government settle in Chongqing?","answer":"The Provisional Government settled in Chongqing in September 1940. The inauguration ceremony for the General Headquarters of the Korean Liberation Army was held that same month."},{"question":"What role did the Special Military Mission play in founding the Korean Liberation Army?","answer":"The Special Military Mission used Xi'an as its base to recruit Koreans in northern China. These activities laid the groundwork for expanding the army's personnel after its founding."},{"question":"How did fundraising by Koreans in the Americas contribute to the army's founding?","answer":"Support from Koreans in the Americas provided funding for efforts to organize the army. However, it was difficult to cover all of the army's operating expenses, so financial support was also requested from the Chinese side."},{"question":"What is the difference between September 15 and September 17, 1940?","answer":"September 15 was the date a declaration was issued in Kim Gu's name. September 17 was the day the inauguration ceremony for the General Headquarters of the Korean Liberation Army was held in Chongqing."},{"question":"Did the Korean Liberation Army have all its personnel and units in place when it was founded?","answer":"The General Headquarters was the organization fully formed at the time of the army's founding. Personnel recruitment, training, and the expansion of units continued afterward."},{"question":"What was the issue in the negotiations with China over the army's founding?","answer":"The issue was who would command the Korean Liberation Army. The Chinese side demanded that it be placed under Chinese military command, while the Provisional Government sought to retain its own command authority."},{"question":"Why did the Korean Liberation Army move to Xi'an after being founded in Chongqing?","answer":"Xi'an was a base of operations for the Special Military Mission. It was also a favorable location for recruitment and propaganda activities targeting Koreans in northern China."}],"sources":[{"url":"https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0015017","title":"Encyclopedia of Korean Culture: Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea","type":"source"},{"url":"https://www.nmkpg.go.kr/webzine/story/cn.do?rid=368","title":"National Memorial of the Korean Provisional Government: Establishment and Early Operations of the Korean Liberation Army","type":"source"},{"url":"https://contents.history.go.kr/front/hm/view.do?levelId=hm_127_0005","title":"National Institute of Korean History, Our History Net: Declaration of the Korean Liberation Army","type":"source"},{"url":"https://contents.history.go.kr/mobile/kc/view.do?levelId=kc_o403810","title":"National Institute of Korean History, Our History Net: Korean Liberation Army","type":"source"},{"url":"https://db.history.go.kr/id/ij_010_%241exp","title":"National Institute of Korean History: Collection of Documents on the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea, Volume 10, Korean Liberation Army Ⅰ, Introduction","type":"source"},{"url":"https://www.nmkpg.go.kr/meta/timeline","title":"National Memorial of the Korean Provisional Government: Cyber Memorial Hall Timeline and Artifacts","type":"source"},{"url":"https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0005134","title":"Encyclopedia of Korean Culture: Korean Liberation Army","type":"source"}],"images":[{"id":2598,"url":"https://injoys.com/rails/active_storage/blobs/proxy/eyJfcmFpbHMiOnsiZGF0YSI6NDAxNTcsInB1ciI6ImJsb2JfaWQifX0=--1840beea54910ecb9a77da1b8714d119be871c5f/ai-811ecfab.webp","is_representative":false,"generation_method":"ai_semi","license":"ai_generated","mime_type":"image/webp","width":1536,"height":1024,"translations":{"ko":{"alt":"운하 옆 기와집 사무실에서 사람들이 여행용 궤짝을 열고 서류를 정리하는 모습을 그린 그림","caption":"임시정부는 1932년 상하이를 떠난 뒤에도 피난 속에서 정부 업무를 이어갔다.","description":null},"en":{"alt":"Painting of men unpacking trunks and sorting papers in a tiled-roof office beside a canal.","caption":"After leaving Shanghai in 1932, the Korean Provisional Government continued its work in exile.","description":null},"ja":{"alt":"運河沿いの瓦屋根の事務所で、人々が旅行用の木箱を開けて書類を整理している絵","caption":"大韓民国臨時政府は1932年に上海を離れた後も、避難先で政府の業務を続けた。","description":null},"es":{"alt":"Pintura de hombres que abren baúles y ordenan documentos en una oficina de techo de tejas junto a un canal.","caption":"Tras salir de Shanghái en 1932, el Gobierno Provisional de Corea continuó su labor en el exilio.","description":null},"id":{"alt":"Lukisan orang membuka peti dan menata dokumen di kantor beratap genting di tepi kanal.","caption":"Setelah meninggalkan Shanghai pada 1932, Pemerintahan Sementara Korea tetap menjalankan tugasnya di pengasingan.","description":null},"pt":{"alt":"Pintura de homens abrindo baús e organizando documentos num escritório com telhado de telhas junto a um canal.","caption":"Após deixar Xangai em 1932, o Governo Provisório da Coreia continuou suas atividades no exílio.","description":null},"zh-hant":{"alt":"畫中人們在運河旁的瓦頂辦公室裡打開行李木箱，整理文件","caption":"大韓民國臨時政府於1932年離開上海後，仍在流亡中持續推行政務。","description":null},"de":{"alt":"Gemälde von Männern, die in einem Büro mit Ziegeldach am Kanal Reisekisten auspacken und Papiere ordnen.","caption":"Nach dem Verlassen Shanghais 1932 setzte die Provisorische Regierung Koreas ihre Arbeit im Exil fort.","description":null}}},{"id":2599,"url":"https://injoys.com/rails/active_storage/blobs/proxy/eyJfcmFpbHMiOnsiZGF0YSI6NDAxNjMsInB1ciI6ImJsb2JfaWQifX0=--78a9a15fc4c8fcc0106cbb0ec3a4b0d3003321fc/ai-87d5dd69.webp","is_representative":false,"generation_method":"ai_semi","license":"ai_generated","mime_type":"image/webp","width":1536,"height":1024,"translations":{"ko":{"alt":"문서가 놓인 탁자를 향해 사람들이 앉아 있고, 열린 창 너머로 산비탈 도시가 보이는 회화","caption":"광복군은 1940년 9월 충칭에서 총사령부를 먼저 세운 뒤 병력과 부대를 확충했다.","description":null},"en":{"alt":"Painting of seated attendees facing a desk with documents, with a hillside city beyond open windows","caption":"The Korean Liberation Army established its headquarters in Chongqing in September 1940, then expanded its troops and units.","description":null},"ja":{"alt":"書類の置かれた机に向かって人々が座り、開いた窓の向こうに丘陵の街並みが広がる絵画","caption":"光復軍は1940年9月に重慶で総司令部を設立し、その後に兵員と部隊を拡充した。","description":null},"es":{"alt":"Pintura de asistentes sentados ante una mesa con documentos y una ciudad en las laderas tras las ventanas abiertas","caption":"El Ejército de Liberación de Corea estableció su cuartel general en Chongqing en septiembre de 1940 y después amplió sus fuerzas.","description":null},"id":{"alt":"Lukisan hadirin duduk menghadap meja berkas, dengan kota di lereng bukit terlihat melalui jendela terbuka","caption":"Tentara Pembebasan Korea mendirikan markas besar di Chongqing pada September 1940, lalu menambah personel dan satuannya.","description":null},"pt":{"alt":"Pintura de participantes sentados diante de uma mesa com documentos e uma cidade nas encostas além das janelas abertas","caption":"O Exército de Libertação da Coreia estabeleceu seu quartel-general em Chongqing em setembro de 1940 e depois ampliou suas tropas e unidades.","description":null},"zh-hant":{"alt":"畫中人們面向放有文件的桌子就座，敞開的窗外可見山坡上的城市","caption":"韓國光復軍於1940年9月在重慶先成立總司令部，之後再擴充兵員與部隊。","description":null},"de":{"alt":"Gemälde: Sitzende vor einem Tisch mit Dokumenten, dahinter offene Fenster mit Blick auf eine Stadt am Hang","caption":"Die Koreanische Befreiungsarmee gründete im September 1940 ihr Hauptquartier in Chongqing und baute danach Truppen und Einheiten aus.","description":null}}}],"published_at":"2026-11-09T03:45:10+09:00","updated_at":"2026-11-09T03:45:10+09:00","license":"cc_by","translation_status":"reviewed","available_locales":["ko","en","ja","es"],"data_locales":["ko","en","ja","es","id","pt","zh-hant","de"],"url":"https://injoys.com/en/articles/korean-provisional-government-1932-1940-relocation-and-army-formation"}