{"content_id":"tzrccdawou","slug":"palman-daejanggyeong-mongol-invasions-and-preservation","locale":"en","schema_type":"Article","category":"knowledge_base","category_name":"Knowledge Base","title":"Tripitaka Koreana: Mongol Invasions and Preservation","summary":"The Tripitaka Koreana is a collection of Buddhist scripture woodblocks that Goryeo created anew to replace the First Tripitaka Koreana woodblocks destroyed during the Mongol invasions. It distinguishes the dates of the engraving and the completion ceremony and explains the significance of textual correction and Haeinsa Temple's preservation system.","sponsorship_disclosure":null,"affiliate_disclosure":null,"commerce_disclosure":null,"author":{"name":"Injoys Editorial Team","url":"https://injoys.com/ko/about"},"key_points":["The First Tripitaka Koreana was created in response to the Khitan invasion, while the Tripitaka Koreana was recarved during the Mongol invasions.","The National Heritage Portal dates the production of the surviving Tripitaka woodblocks to 1237~1248.","Daejangdogam and Bunsa Daejangdogam oversaw woodblock production, while Sugi and others compared editions and corrected errors.","According to the National Heritage Portal, the Tripitaka Koreana preserved at Haeinsa Temple comprises 81,258 woodblocks.","Janggyeong Panjeon was inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1995, and the Printing Woodblocks of the Tripitaka Koreana and Miscellaneous Buddhist Scriptures were added to the Memory of the World Register in 2007."],"content_markdown":"The Tripitaka Koreana is a set of Buddhist scripture woodblocks recarved by Goryeo during the Mongol invasions of the 13th century. In response to the loss of the First Tripitaka, the state mobilized its institutions and its expertise in textual correction and woodblock carving. The woodblocks preserved at Haeinsa are remembered for the accuracy of their texts and their successful long-term preservation.\n\nThe Korean History Portal, National Heritage Portal, and UNESCO records on which this article is based were checked in September 2026.\n\n## What Is the Tripitaka Koreana?\n\nThe Tripitaka Koreana refers to the woodblocks of Goryeo's Second Tripitaka preserved at Haeinsa. A Tripitaka is a collection of Buddhist teachings and related literature. The woodblocks are wooden printing plates carved with characters so that the texts could be printed on paper.\n\nAt the core of the Tripitaka are the Three Baskets of scripture, monastic discipline, and treatises. The scriptures contain the Buddha's teachings. The monastic discipline covers the rules of life for monastic communities. The treatises explain and discuss Buddhist doctrine.\n\n| Term | Meaning | Point to distinguish |\n|---|---|---|\n| First Tripitaka | The first Tripitaka produced by Goryeo | Produced in response to the Khitan invasion |\n| Second Tripitaka | The Tripitaka produced again after the woodblocks of the First Tripitaka were lost | The woodblocks now known as the Tripitaka Koreana |\n| Woodblock | A wooden printing plate carved with characters | The physical objects preserved at Haeinsa |\n| Printed copy | A book printed on paper after ink was applied to the woodblocks | Multiple copies could be produced from the same woodblocks |\n| Janggyeong Panjeon | The buildings that house the woodblocks | Architectural heritage distinct from the woodblocks themselves |\n\nThe name Tripitaka Koreana, also known in Korean as the Eighty Thousand Tripitaka, comes from the fact that there are approximately 80,000 woodblocks. UNESCO's inscription description gives the total as 81,258. This number is not the number of book volumes or types of scripture. [UNESCO Memory of the World description](https://www.unesco.org/en/memory-world/printing-woodblocks-tripitaka-koreana-and-miscellaneous-buddhist-scriptures)\n\n## The Mongol Invasions and the Loss of the First Tripitaka\n\nThe direct background to the second production project was the loss of the First Tripitaka woodblocks during the war. The Korean History Portal dates the destruction of the woodblocks at Buinsa to 1232. In the same year, the Goryeo court moved the capital to Ganghwado.\n\nThe earlier First Tripitaka began with prayers to repel the Khitan invasion. The second production project was also linked to the belief that the power of Buddhism could protect the country. At the time, producing the Tripitaka was also a state project to preserve Buddhist culture.\n\nYi Gyubo's “Prayer of the King and His Subjects for the Carving of the Tripitaka” reveals the reason for producing it again. The text distinguishes Buddhist teachings from the physical tools that contain them. Its argument is that because the woodblocks had been destroyed, they had to be made again.\n\n\u003e It is the natural order for tools to be made or destroyed, and when they are destroyed, repairing and remaking them is also something that must be done.\n\u003e\n\u003e Korean History Portal translation of “Prayer of the King and His Subjects for the Carving of the Tripitaka,” volume 25 of the *Collected Works of Minister Yi of the Eastern Kingdom*\n\nThis sentence expresses a contemporary voice arguing for the reproduction of the woodblocks. The wording of the quotation follows the translation as given. The prayer expresses the hope that the war would end. [Korean History Portal source and commentary](https://contents.history.go.kr/front/hm/view.do?levelId=hm_067_0070)\n\n## Timeline from the First Tripitaka to UNESCO Inscription\n\nThe history of the Tripitaka Koreana spans production, correction, relocation, and preservation. The completion of the carving should be distinguished from the ceremony marking the completion of the project. The timeline below also identifies the scope of the events described by each source.\n\n| Year or period | Event | Source |\n|---|---|---|\n| 1011 | The First Tripitaka was commissioned in response to the Khitan invasion | Korean History Portal, “Tripitaka Koreana” |\n| 1232 | The capital was moved to Ganghwado, and the First Tripitaka woodblocks were destroyed | Korean History Portal, “Tripitaka Koreana” |\n| 1236 | The year widely given as the start of the second production project | UNESCO Memory of the World nomination form |\n| 1237~1248 | Period given for the carving of the surviving Tripitaka woodblocks | National Heritage Portal, “Tripitaka Koreana Woodblocks at Haeinsa, Hapcheon” |\n| 1251 | Ceremony commemorating the completion of the Tripitaka | *New History of Korea*, “Reasons for Producing the Goryeo Tripitaka and the Period of Its Carving” |\n| Around 1398 | Transfer of the woodblocks from Ganghwado to Haeinsa | Korean History Portal, “Tripitaka Koreana” |\n| 1995 | Janggyeong Panjeon at Haeinsa inscribed as World Heritage | UNESCO World Heritage Centre |\n| 2007 | Tripitaka Koreana and miscellaneous woodblocks inscribed on the Memory of the World Register | UNESCO Memory of the World |\n\n## Why the Production Dates Differ Between 1237~1248 and 1236~1251\n\nThe two periods differ depending on how the carving itself is distinguished from the overall project. The National Heritage Portal dates the production of the Tripitaka woodblocks to 1237~1248. UNESCO's World Heritage description also uses these carving dates.\n\n| Period | Scope described | Point to note |\n|---|---|---|\n| 1237~1248 | Carving period based on publication records remaining on the woodblocks | 12 calendar years when both the starting and ending years are included |\n| 1236~1251 | Period described as extending from the start to the completion of the second production project | The nomination form describes it as a 16-year project |\n| 1251 | State ceremony commemorating completion | Does not mean that all woodblocks continued to be carved through this year |\n\n*New History of Korea* uses the colophons on the woodblocks as evidence for determining the dates. A colophon records when and by which institution a block was carved. This commentary distinguishes the completion of carving in 1248 from the celebratory ceremony in 1251.\n\nHowever, the difference in dates cannot be attributed entirely to a preparation period. *New History of Korea* also presents an interpretation that preparations began in 1233. The starting year of the project therefore remains subject to differing interpretations among sources. [Review of the carving dates in *New History of Korea*](https://db.history.go.kr/diachronic/level.do?levelId=nh_021_0020_0010_0070_0030_0010)\n\n## What Roles Did the Daejangdogam and Sugi Perform?\n\nThe second production project developed from a religious undertaking into an organized production project. The Daejangdogam and its branch office, the Bunsa Daejangdogam, were agencies responsible for producing the woodblocks. The institutional names remaining on the woodblocks provide evidence of their participation.\n\n| Organization or personnel | Role | Surviving evidence |\n|---|---|---|\n| Daejangdogam | Managed the state-level Tripitaka production project | Publication records on the woodblocks and written documents |\n| Bunsa Daejangdogam | Shared responsibility for producing the woodblocks | Woodblocks bearing the name Bunsa Daejangdogam |\n| Correctors including Sugi | Compared editions and organized the scriptural texts | *Supplementary Record of Corrections to the Newly Carved Tripitaka of Goryeo* |\n| Calligraphers and carvers | Wrote the text for carving and carved the characters into the woodblocks | Lettering on the woodblocks and production records |\n\nThe Korean History Portal describes Ganghwado and Namhae as the project's main bases. However, there are differing views on the precise locations of the institutions and the carving sites. The storage site and the production site should not be assumed to have been the same place. [Review of the Daejangdogam and carving sites in *New History of Korea*](https://db.history.go.kr/diachronic/level.do?levelId=nh_021_0020_0010_0070_0030_0020)\n\nSugi and others compared Goryeo's First Tripitaka edition with Song and Khitan editions. Textual collation is the process of examining differences among editions and establishing the text. The second production project therefore went beyond simply copying the old woodblocks.\n\nThe *Supplementary Record of Corrections to the Newly Carved Tripitaka of Goryeo* contains details of this correction work. It reviewed such matters as the titles and volume counts of scriptures and content that was missing or mixed together. The fact that reasons for corrections were recorded provides a basis for assessing the accuracy of the scriptures. [*New History of Korea*, “Composition of the Goryeo Tripitaka”](https://contents.history.go.kr/mobile/nh/view.do?levelId=nh_021_0020_0010_0070_0020)\n\n## Achievements of Woodblock Printing and the Reproduction of the Scriptures\n\nThe achievement of the Tripitaka Koreana lies in preserving the corrected text on woodblocks that could be used for repeated printing. Woodblock printing transfers text carved into a single block onto paper. It differs from metal movable type printing, which combines individually cast characters.\n\n| Technique or task | Function | Result |\n|---|---|---|\n| Comparison of editions | Review of different versions of the text | Compilation of scriptures with fewer errors |\n| Precise carving | Carving the established text into wooden blocks | A basis for repeated printing |\n| Preservation of the woodblocks | Maintenance of the original printing plates | Support for later publication and study of the scriptures |\n\nUNESCO highly values the editorial and textual collation standards of the Goryeo Tripitaka. It also explains that the text has been used as a standard edition in the study of Chinese-language Buddhist scriptures. Its accuracy should be understood as the result of this comparison and correction work.\n\nIt is inaccurate to turn this into a claim that it contains not even a single erroneous character. Nor does completeness mean that it contains every Buddhist text in the world. The term is used in the context of assessing the collected body of transmitted scriptures and the preservation condition of the woodblocks. [UNESCO explanation of its Memory of the World value](https://www.unesco.org/en/memory-world/printing-woodblocks-tripitaka-koreana-and-miscellaneous-buddhist-scriptures)\n\n## How Were the Woodblocks Preserved After Their Transfer to Haeinsa?\n\nJanggyeong Panjeon has preserved the woodblocks through natural ventilation and the regulation of temperature and humidity. After they were made, the woodblocks were stored on Ganghwado. Their transfer to Haeinsa is generally dated to around 1398.\n\nThere are gaps in the records concerning the exact route and timing of the transfer. The Korean History Portal explains the transfer by considering records from 1398 and other evidence together. The present complex of Janggyeong Panjeon buildings is a product of the history of preservation during the Joseon period. [Korean History Portal, “Tripitaka Koreana”](https://contents.history.go.kr/mobile/kc/view.do?levelId=kc_r200500)\n\n| Preservation element | Method or role |\n|---|---|\n| Position and size of windows | Securing airflow inside the buildings |\n| Building layout and surrounding environment | Regulating temperature and humidity through natural conditions |\n| Racks holding the woodblocks | Supporting the storage and management of the woodblocks |\n| Continuous inspection and repair | Maintaining the condition of the wooden blocks and storage facilities |\n\nThe National Heritage Portal explains that the windows at the front and rear differ in position and size. UNESCO also identifies the climate-adapted architectural design as central to preservation. At the same time, it specifies that the woodblocks and racks require continuous repair. [National Heritage Portal description of Janggyeong Panjeon](https://heritage.go.kr/heri/html/HtmlPage.do?pageNo=1_2_2_1\u0026pg=%2Funesco%2FHeritage%2FHeritage_02.jsp), [UNESCO description of the state of preservation](https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/737)\n\n## Records and Interpretation\n\nThe purposes stated in historical records should be distinguished from the interpretations of later researchers. The prayer conveys the justification given by those who promoted the production of the woodblocks. The project's political function belongs to the realm of interpretation and must be examined together with other records.\n\n### What the Records Confirm\n\n“Prayer of the King and His Subjects for the Carving of the Tripitaka” prays both for the reproduction of the woodblocks and for overcoming foreign invasion. The colophons on the woodblocks identify the production institutions and dates. Records in the *History of Goryeo* concerning completion attest to the existence of a state ceremony.\n\n### Widely Used Explanations and Political Interpretations\n\nPublic history sources explain the second production project as an example of state-protecting Buddhism. State-protecting Buddhism refers to the belief that the power of Buddhism could defend the country. *New History of Korea* also includes the Choe U regime's intention to stabilize public sentiment in its interpretation.\n\nThis is not evidence that every participant had the same political purpose. Participation in a state project must be distinguished from individual motives. The prayer alone also cannot prove that producing the woodblocks drove back the Mongol forces. [Interpretation of the motives for production in *New History of Korea*](https://db.history.go.kr/diachronic/level.do?levelId=nh_021_0020_0010_0070_0030_0010)\n\n### Issues on Which Sources Still Differ\n\nDifferent explanations remain concerning detailed dates and locations. Even accounts provided by the same institution may not agree. The following points should not be combined and presented as established facts.\n\n- Year the First Tripitaka was destroyed: This article follows the Korean History Portal's date of 1232. The UNESCO nomination form gives 1234.\n- Start of the second production project: The explanation that it began in 1236 is distinguished from the view that preparations began earlier.\n- Carving sites: Researchers differ on the roles of Ganghwado and Namhae and on the locations of the institutions.\n- Transfer to Haeinsa: The account dating it to around 1398 is separate from confirming the detailed transfer route.\n\n## Can the Scriptural Text Survive Even If the Woodblocks Burn?\n\nIf printed copies remain elsewhere, the text can survive even after the woodblocks are lost. The woodblocks of the First Tripitaka were lost, but some printed copies survive. The second production project also compared the First Tripitaka edition with other Tripitaka editions.\n\nThis example shows that several different things are preserved as cultural heritage. Preserving the original woodblocks is distinct from transmitting the text. Preserving records of corrections makes it possible to examine the reliability of the text.\n\n| What survives | What can be verified or continued |\n|---|---|\n| Woodblocks | Carving techniques and original printing plates |\n| Printed copies | The scriptural text as printed at the time |\n| Correction records | Differences among editions and the basis for corrections |\n| Storage architecture | The environment and management methods that preserved the original blocks over time |\n\nUNESCO describes these woodblocks as a system for producing and distributing knowledge. At Haeinsa, scriptures were printed as needed and used for education and research. Preservation therefore also includes maintaining the foundation for reusing that knowledge. [UNESCO Memory of the World nomination form](https://media.unesco.org/sites/default/files/webform/mow001/korea_tripitaka.pdf)\n\n## The Difference Between World Heritage and Memory of the World\n\nJanggyeong Panjeon at Haeinsa and the Tripitaka woodblocks were inscribed on different UNESCO lists. Janggyeong Panjeon is the architectural heritage that houses the woodblocks. The Memory of the World inscription covers the Tripitaka Koreana and miscellaneous woodblocks.\n\n| Inscribed property | List and year | Focus of evaluation |\n|---|---|---|\n| Janggyeong Panjeon at Haeinsa | World Heritage, 1995 | Architecture and preservation techniques for protecting the woodblocks |\n| Tripitaka Koreana and miscellaneous woodblocks | Memory of the World, 2007 | Documentary value of the scriptures and the transmission of printing and knowledge |\n\nThe miscellaneous woodblocks are Buddhist woodblocks inscribed together with the Tripitaka woodblocks. It is therefore inaccurate to limit the scope of the Memory of the World inscription to the Tripitaka Koreana woodblocks alone. The two inscriptions demonstrate the respective value of the documentary materials and their storage facilities. [UNESCO World Heritage inscription information](https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/737), [UNESCO Memory of the World inscription information](https://www.unesco.org/en/memory-world/printing-woodblocks-tripitaka-koreana-and-miscellaneous-buddhist-scriptures)","content_html":"\u003cp\u003eThe Tripitaka Koreana is a set of Buddhist scripture woodblocks recarved by Goryeo during the Mongol invasions of the 13th century. In response to the loss of the First Tripitaka, the state mobilized its institutions and its expertise in textual correction and woodblock carving. The woodblocks preserved at Haeinsa are remembered for the accuracy of their texts and their successful long-term preservation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Korean History Portal, National Heritage Portal, and UNESCO records on which this article is based were checked in September 2026.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#what-is-the-tripitaka-koreana\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"what-is-the-tripitaka-koreana\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eWhat Is the Tripitaka Koreana?\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Tripitaka Koreana refers to the woodblocks of Goryeo's Second Tripitaka preserved at Haeinsa. A Tripitaka is a collection of Buddhist teachings and related literature. The woodblocks are wooden printing plates carved with characters so that the texts could be printed on paper.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAt the core of the Tripitaka are the Three Baskets of scripture, monastic discipline, and treatises. The scriptures contain the Buddha's teachings. The monastic discipline covers the rules of life for monastic communities. The treatises explain and discuss Buddhist doctrine.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"overflow-x-auto\"\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eTerm\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eMeaning\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003ePoint to distinguish\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Term\"\u003eFirst Tripitaka\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Meaning\"\u003eThe first Tripitaka produced by Goryeo\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Point to distinguish\"\u003eProduced in response to the Khitan invasion\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Term\"\u003eSecond Tripitaka\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Meaning\"\u003eThe Tripitaka produced again after the woodblocks of the First Tripitaka were lost\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Point to distinguish\"\u003eThe woodblocks now known as the Tripitaka Koreana\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Term\"\u003eWoodblock\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Meaning\"\u003eA wooden printing plate carved with characters\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Point to distinguish\"\u003eThe physical objects preserved at Haeinsa\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Term\"\u003ePrinted copy\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Meaning\"\u003eA book printed on paper after ink was applied to the woodblocks\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Point to distinguish\"\u003eMultiple copies could be produced from the same woodblocks\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Term\"\u003eJanggyeong Panjeon\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Meaning\"\u003eThe buildings that house the woodblocks\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Point to distinguish\"\u003eArchitectural heritage distinct from the woodblocks themselves\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe name Tripitaka Koreana, also known in Korean as the Eighty Thousand Tripitaka, comes from the fact that there are approximately 80,000 woodblocks. UNESCO's inscription description gives the total as 81,258. This number is not the number of book volumes or types of scripture. \u003ca href=\"https://www.unesco.org/en/memory-world/printing-woodblocks-tripitaka-koreana-and-miscellaneous-buddhist-scriptures\"\u003eUNESCO Memory of the World description\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#the-mongol-invasions-and-the-loss-of-the-first-tripitaka\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"the-mongol-invasions-and-the-loss-of-the-first-tripitaka\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eThe Mongol Invasions and the Loss of the First Tripitaka\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe direct background to the second production project was the loss of the First Tripitaka woodblocks during the war. The Korean History Portal dates the destruction of the woodblocks at Buinsa to 1232. In the same year, the Goryeo court moved the capital to Ganghwado.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe earlier First Tripitaka began with prayers to repel the Khitan invasion. The second production project was also linked to the belief that the power of Buddhism could protect the country. At the time, producing the Tripitaka was also a state project to preserve Buddhist culture.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYi Gyubo's “Prayer of the King and His Subjects for the Carving of the Tripitaka” reveals the reason for producing it again. The text distinguishes Buddhist teachings from the physical tools that contain them. Its argument is that because the woodblocks had been destroyed, they had to be made again.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt is the natural order for tools to be made or destroyed, and when they are destroyed, repairing and remaking them is also something that must be done.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKorean History Portal translation of “Prayer of the King and His Subjects for the Carving of the Tripitaka,” volume 25 of the \u003cem\u003eCollected Works of Minister Yi of the Eastern Kingdom\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis sentence expresses a contemporary voice arguing for the reproduction of the woodblocks. The wording of the quotation follows the translation as given. The prayer expresses the hope that the war would end. \u003ca href=\"https://contents.history.go.kr/front/hm/view.do?levelId=hm_067_0070\"\u003eKorean History Portal source and commentary\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#timeline-from-the-first-tripitaka-to-unesco-inscription\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"timeline-from-the-first-tripitaka-to-unesco-inscription\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eTimeline from the First Tripitaka to UNESCO Inscription\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe history of the Tripitaka Koreana spans production, correction, relocation, and preservation. The completion of the carving should be distinguished from the ceremony marking the completion of the project. The timeline below also identifies the scope of the events described by each source.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"overflow-x-auto\"\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eYear or period\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eEvent\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eSource\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Year or period\"\u003e1011\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Event\"\u003eThe First Tripitaka was commissioned in response to the Khitan invasion\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Source\"\u003eKorean History Portal, “Tripitaka Koreana”\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Year or period\"\u003e1232\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Event\"\u003eThe capital was moved to Ganghwado, and the First Tripitaka woodblocks were destroyed\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Source\"\u003eKorean History Portal, “Tripitaka Koreana”\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Year or period\"\u003e1236\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Event\"\u003eThe year widely given as the start of the second production project\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Source\"\u003eUNESCO Memory of the World nomination form\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Year or period\"\u003e1237~1248\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Event\"\u003ePeriod given for the carving of the surviving Tripitaka woodblocks\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Source\"\u003eNational Heritage Portal, “Tripitaka Koreana Woodblocks at Haeinsa, Hapcheon”\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Year or period\"\u003e1251\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Event\"\u003eCeremony commemorating the completion of the Tripitaka\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Source\"\u003e\n\u003cem\u003eNew History of Korea\u003c/em\u003e, “Reasons for Producing the Goryeo Tripitaka and the Period of Its Carving”\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Year or period\"\u003eAround 1398\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Event\"\u003eTransfer of the woodblocks from Ganghwado to Haeinsa\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Source\"\u003eKorean History Portal, “Tripitaka Koreana”\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Year or period\"\u003e1995\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Event\"\u003eJanggyeong Panjeon at Haeinsa inscribed as World Heritage\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Source\"\u003eUNESCO World Heritage Centre\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Year or period\"\u003e2007\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Event\"\u003eTripitaka Koreana and miscellaneous woodblocks inscribed on the Memory of the World Register\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Source\"\u003eUNESCO Memory of the World\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#why-the-production-dates-differ-between-12371248-and-12361251\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"why-the-production-dates-differ-between-12371248-and-12361251\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eWhy the Production Dates Differ Between 1237~1248 and 1236~1251\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe two periods differ depending on how the carving itself is distinguished from the overall project. The National Heritage Portal dates the production of the Tripitaka woodblocks to 1237~1248. UNESCO's World Heritage description also uses these carving dates.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"overflow-x-auto\"\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003ePeriod\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eScope described\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003ePoint to note\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Period\"\u003e1237~1248\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Scope described\"\u003eCarving period based on publication records remaining on the woodblocks\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Point to note\"\u003e12 calendar years when both the starting and ending years are included\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Period\"\u003e1236~1251\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Scope described\"\u003ePeriod described as extending from the start to the completion of the second production project\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Point to note\"\u003eThe nomination form describes it as a 16-year project\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Period\"\u003e1251\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Scope described\"\u003eState ceremony commemorating completion\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Point to note\"\u003eDoes not mean that all woodblocks continued to be carved through this year\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNew History of Korea\u003c/em\u003e uses the colophons on the woodblocks as evidence for determining the dates. A colophon records when and by which institution a block was carved. This commentary distinguishes the completion of carving in 1248 from the celebratory ceremony in 1251.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, the difference in dates cannot be attributed entirely to a preparation period. \u003cem\u003eNew History of Korea\u003c/em\u003e also presents an interpretation that preparations began in 1233. The starting year of the project therefore remains subject to differing interpretations among sources. \u003ca href=\"https://db.history.go.kr/diachronic/level.do?levelId=nh_021_0020_0010_0070_0030_0010\"\u003eReview of the carving dates in \u003cem\u003eNew History of Korea\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#what-roles-did-the-daejangdogam-and-sugi-perform\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"what-roles-did-the-daejangdogam-and-sugi-perform\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eWhat Roles Did the Daejangdogam and Sugi Perform?\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe second production project developed from a religious undertaking into an organized production project. The Daejangdogam and its branch office, the Bunsa Daejangdogam, were agencies responsible for producing the woodblocks. The institutional names remaining on the woodblocks provide evidence of their participation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"overflow-x-auto\"\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eOrganization or personnel\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eRole\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eSurviving evidence\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Organization or personnel\"\u003eDaejangdogam\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Role\"\u003eManaged the state-level Tripitaka production project\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Surviving evidence\"\u003ePublication records on the woodblocks and written documents\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Organization or personnel\"\u003eBunsa Daejangdogam\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Role\"\u003eShared responsibility for producing the woodblocks\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Surviving evidence\"\u003eWoodblocks bearing the name Bunsa Daejangdogam\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Organization or personnel\"\u003eCorrectors including Sugi\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Role\"\u003eCompared editions and organized the scriptural texts\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Surviving evidence\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eSupplementary Record of Corrections to the Newly Carved Tripitaka of Goryeo\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Organization or personnel\"\u003eCalligraphers and carvers\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Role\"\u003eWrote the text for carving and carved the characters into the woodblocks\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Surviving evidence\"\u003eLettering on the woodblocks and production records\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Korean History Portal describes Ganghwado and Namhae as the project's main bases. However, there are differing views on the precise locations of the institutions and the carving sites. The storage site and the production site should not be assumed to have been the same place. \u003ca href=\"https://db.history.go.kr/diachronic/level.do?levelId=nh_021_0020_0010_0070_0030_0020\"\u003eReview of the Daejangdogam and carving sites in \u003cem\u003eNew History of Korea\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSugi and others compared Goryeo's First Tripitaka edition with Song and Khitan editions. Textual collation is the process of examining differences among editions and establishing the text. The second production project therefore went beyond simply copying the old woodblocks.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003eSupplementary Record of Corrections to the Newly Carved Tripitaka of Goryeo\u003c/em\u003e contains details of this correction work. It reviewed such matters as the titles and volume counts of scriptures and content that was missing or mixed together. The fact that reasons for corrections were recorded provides a basis for assessing the accuracy of the scriptures. \u003ca href=\"https://contents.history.go.kr/mobile/nh/view.do?levelId=nh_021_0020_0010_0070_0020\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNew History of Korea\u003c/em\u003e, “Composition of the Goryeo Tripitaka”\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#achievements-of-woodblock-printing-and-the-reproduction-of-the-scriptures\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"achievements-of-woodblock-printing-and-the-reproduction-of-the-scriptures\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eAchievements of Woodblock Printing and the Reproduction of the Scriptures\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe achievement of the Tripitaka Koreana lies in preserving the corrected text on woodblocks that could be used for repeated printing. Woodblock printing transfers text carved into a single block onto paper. It differs from metal movable type printing, which combines individually cast characters.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"overflow-x-auto\"\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eTechnique or task\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eFunction\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eResult\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Technique or task\"\u003eComparison of editions\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Function\"\u003eReview of different versions of the text\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Result\"\u003eCompilation of scriptures with fewer errors\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Technique or task\"\u003ePrecise carving\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Function\"\u003eCarving the established text into wooden blocks\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Result\"\u003eA basis for repeated printing\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Technique or task\"\u003ePreservation of the woodblocks\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Function\"\u003eMaintenance of the original printing plates\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Result\"\u003eSupport for later publication and study of the scriptures\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUNESCO highly values the editorial and textual collation standards of the Goryeo Tripitaka. It also explains that the text has been used as a standard edition in the study of Chinese-language Buddhist scriptures. Its accuracy should be understood as the result of this comparison and correction work.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt is inaccurate to turn this into a claim that it contains not even a single erroneous character. Nor does completeness mean that it contains every Buddhist text in the world. The term is used in the context of assessing the collected body of transmitted scriptures and the preservation condition of the woodblocks. \u003ca href=\"https://www.unesco.org/en/memory-world/printing-woodblocks-tripitaka-koreana-and-miscellaneous-buddhist-scriptures\"\u003eUNESCO explanation of its Memory of the World value\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#how-were-the-woodblocks-preserved-after-their-transfer-to-haeinsa\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"how-were-the-woodblocks-preserved-after-their-transfer-to-haeinsa\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eHow Were the Woodblocks Preserved After Their Transfer to Haeinsa?\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJanggyeong Panjeon has preserved the woodblocks through natural ventilation and the regulation of temperature and humidity. After they were made, the woodblocks were stored on Ganghwado. Their transfer to Haeinsa is generally dated to around 1398.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere are gaps in the records concerning the exact route and timing of the transfer. The Korean History Portal explains the transfer by considering records from 1398 and other evidence together. The present complex of Janggyeong Panjeon buildings is a product of the history of preservation during the Joseon period. \u003ca href=\"https://contents.history.go.kr/mobile/kc/view.do?levelId=kc_r200500\"\u003eKorean History Portal, “Tripitaka Koreana”\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"overflow-x-auto\"\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003ePreservation element\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eMethod or role\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Preservation element\"\u003ePosition and size of windows\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Method or role\"\u003eSecuring airflow inside the buildings\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Preservation element\"\u003eBuilding layout and surrounding environment\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Method or role\"\u003eRegulating temperature and humidity through natural conditions\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Preservation element\"\u003eRacks holding the woodblocks\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Method or role\"\u003eSupporting the storage and management of the woodblocks\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Preservation element\"\u003eContinuous inspection and repair\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Method or role\"\u003eMaintaining the condition of the wooden blocks and storage facilities\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe National Heritage Portal explains that the windows at the front and rear differ in position and size. UNESCO also identifies the climate-adapted architectural design as central to preservation. At the same time, it specifies that the woodblocks and racks require continuous repair. \u003ca href=\"https://heritage.go.kr/heri/html/HtmlPage.do?pageNo=1_2_2_1\u0026amp;pg=%2Funesco%2FHeritage%2FHeritage_02.jsp\"\u003eNational Heritage Portal description of Janggyeong Panjeon\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/737\"\u003eUNESCO description of the state of preservation\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#records-and-interpretation\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"records-and-interpretation\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eRecords and Interpretation\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe purposes stated in historical records should be distinguished from the interpretations of later researchers. The prayer conveys the justification given by those who promoted the production of the woodblocks. The project's political function belongs to the realm of interpretation and must be examined together with other records.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#what-the-records-confirm\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"what-the-records-confirm\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eWhat the Records Confirm\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e“Prayer of the King and His Subjects for the Carving of the Tripitaka” prays both for the reproduction of the woodblocks and for overcoming foreign invasion. The colophons on the woodblocks identify the production institutions and dates. Records in the \u003cem\u003eHistory of Goryeo\u003c/em\u003e concerning completion attest to the existence of a state ceremony.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#widely-used-explanations-and-political-interpretations\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"widely-used-explanations-and-political-interpretations\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eWidely Used Explanations and Political Interpretations\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePublic history sources explain the second production project as an example of state-protecting Buddhism. State-protecting Buddhism refers to the belief that the power of Buddhism could defend the country. \u003cem\u003eNew History of Korea\u003c/em\u003e also includes the Choe U regime's intention to stabilize public sentiment in its interpretation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis is not evidence that every participant had the same political purpose. Participation in a state project must be distinguished from individual motives. The prayer alone also cannot prove that producing the woodblocks drove back the Mongol forces. \u003ca href=\"https://db.history.go.kr/diachronic/level.do?levelId=nh_021_0020_0010_0070_0030_0010\"\u003eInterpretation of the motives for production in \u003cem\u003eNew History of Korea\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#issues-on-which-sources-still-differ\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"issues-on-which-sources-still-differ\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eIssues on Which Sources Still Differ\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDifferent explanations remain concerning detailed dates and locations. Even accounts provided by the same institution may not agree. The following points should not be combined and presented as established facts.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYear the First Tripitaka was destroyed: This article follows the Korean History Portal's date of 1232. The UNESCO nomination form gives 1234.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eStart of the second production project: The explanation that it began in 1236 is distinguished from the view that preparations began earlier.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCarving sites: Researchers differ on the roles of Ganghwado and Namhae and on the locations of the institutions.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTransfer to Haeinsa: The account dating it to around 1398 is separate from confirming the detailed transfer route.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#can-the-scriptural-text-survive-even-if-the-woodblocks-burn\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"can-the-scriptural-text-survive-even-if-the-woodblocks-burn\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eCan the Scriptural Text Survive Even If the Woodblocks Burn?\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIf printed copies remain elsewhere, the text can survive even after the woodblocks are lost. The woodblocks of the First Tripitaka were lost, but some printed copies survive. The second production project also compared the First Tripitaka edition with other Tripitaka editions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis example shows that several different things are preserved as cultural heritage. Preserving the original woodblocks is distinct from transmitting the text. Preserving records of corrections makes it possible to examine the reliability of the text.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"overflow-x-auto\"\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eWhat survives\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eWhat can be verified or continued\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"What survives\"\u003eWoodblocks\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"What can be verified or continued\"\u003eCarving techniques and original printing plates\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"What survives\"\u003ePrinted copies\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"What can be verified or continued\"\u003eThe scriptural text as printed at the time\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"What survives\"\u003eCorrection records\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"What can be verified or continued\"\u003eDifferences among editions and the basis for corrections\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"What survives\"\u003eStorage architecture\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"What can be verified or continued\"\u003eThe environment and management methods that preserved the original blocks over time\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUNESCO describes these woodblocks as a system for producing and distributing knowledge. At Haeinsa, scriptures were printed as needed and used for education and research. Preservation therefore also includes maintaining the foundation for reusing that knowledge. \u003ca href=\"https://media.unesco.org/sites/default/files/webform/mow001/korea_tripitaka.pdf\"\u003eUNESCO Memory of the World nomination form\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#the-difference-between-world-heritage-and-memory-of-the-world\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"the-difference-between-world-heritage-and-memory-of-the-world\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eThe Difference Between World Heritage and Memory of the World\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJanggyeong Panjeon at Haeinsa and the Tripitaka woodblocks were inscribed on different UNESCO lists. Janggyeong Panjeon is the architectural heritage that houses the woodblocks. The Memory of the World inscription covers the Tripitaka Koreana and miscellaneous woodblocks.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"overflow-x-auto\"\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eInscribed property\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eList and year\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eFocus of evaluation\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Inscribed property\"\u003eJanggyeong Panjeon at Haeinsa\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"List and year\"\u003eWorld Heritage, 1995\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Focus of evaluation\"\u003eArchitecture and preservation techniques for protecting the woodblocks\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Inscribed property\"\u003eTripitaka Koreana and miscellaneous woodblocks\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"List and year\"\u003eMemory of the World, 2007\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Focus of evaluation\"\u003eDocumentary value of the scriptures and the transmission of printing and knowledge\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe miscellaneous woodblocks are Buddhist woodblocks inscribed together with the Tripitaka woodblocks. It is therefore inaccurate to limit the scope of the Memory of the World inscription to the Tripitaka Koreana woodblocks alone. The two inscriptions demonstrate the respective value of the documentary materials and their storage facilities. \u003ca href=\"https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/737\"\u003eUNESCO World Heritage inscription information\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https://www.unesco.org/en/memory-world/printing-woodblocks-tripitaka-koreana-and-miscellaneous-buddhist-scriptures\"\u003eUNESCO Memory of the World inscription information\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","tags":["History of Goryeo","Documentary heritage"],"faqs":[{"question":"Was the Tripitaka Koreana made during the Khitan invasions or the Mongol invasions?","answer":"The Tripitaka Koreana now housed at Haeinsa Temple was created during the Mongol invasions. The earlier First Tripitaka Koreana was made in response to the Khitan invasions."},{"question":"Why was the Tripitaka Koreana made again?","answer":"New woodblocks were needed to replace the woodblocks of the First Tripitaka Koreana, which had been destroyed. The project also embodied the hope of repelling the Mongol invasions through the power of Buddhism."},{"question":"Does the Tripitaka Koreana have exactly 80,000 woodblocks?","answer":"The National Heritage Portal states that there are 81,258 Tripitaka woodblocks. The name Tripitaka Koreana refers to the approximately 80,000 woodblocks. The number of woodblocks and the number of book volumes are different units of measurement."},{"question":"When was the Tripitaka Koreana produced?","answer":"The National Heritage Portal dates the production of the surviving woodblocks to 1237~1248. The period 1236~1251 is widely used to cover the recarving project from its beginning to its completion. A ceremony marking its completion was held in 1251."},{"question":"What did Sugi do in the production of the Tripitaka Koreana?","answer":"Sugi and others compared editions from Goryeo, Song China, and Khitan to establish the text. Details of this correction work survive in the Supplementary Record of Corrections to the Newly Carved Goryeo Tripitaka."},{"question":"Were all the Tripitaka Koreana woodblocks carved at Haeinsa Temple?","answer":"The place of production cannot be determined solely from the current storage location. The Daejangdogam and Bunsa Daejangdogam were involved in carving the woodblocks. Scholars disagree about the exact carving locations and the roles of each center."},{"question":"Was the Tripitaka Koreana printed with metal movable type?","answer":"The Tripitaka Koreana woodblocks are wooden printing blocks with characters carved into them. Books printed from them on paper are woodblock editions. This differs from printing with assembled metal movable type."},{"question":"If the First Tripitaka Koreana was burned, how can its contents be known?","answer":"Some copies printed from the woodblocks of the First Tripitaka Koreana survive in Korea and abroad. The destruction of the woodblocks does not mean that all printed copies were also destroyed."},{"question":"Is it true that the Tripitaka Koreana contains no typographical errors at all?","answer":"Claims that it contains no errors whatsoever should be avoided. It is reasonable to explain that it is highly accurate because multiple editions were compared and corrected. The correction records provide a basis for assessing its accuracy."},{"question":"When was the Tripitaka Koreana moved to Haeinsa Temple?","answer":"It is generally said to have been moved to Haeinsa Temple around 1398. Uriyeoksanet examines the timing of the transfer by considering the relevant records together. Scholars continue to disagree about the exact route and detailed timeline."},{"question":"What features of Janggyeong Panjeon helped preserve the woodblocks?","answer":"Its architectural design, which is well suited to natural ventilation and the control of temperature and humidity, helped preserve the woodblocks. Relevant features include the locations and sizes of the windows and the arrangement of the buildings. Continued inspection and repairs are also necessary for long-term preservation."},{"question":"Is the Tripitaka Koreana a World Heritage Site or part of the Memory of the World Register?","answer":"The Printing Woodblocks of the Tripitaka Koreana and Miscellaneous Buddhist Scriptures were inscribed on the Memory of the World Register in 2007. Haeinsa Temple Janggyeong Panjeon, where they are housed, was inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1995. The documentary heritage and the storage buildings must be distinguished."}],"sources":[{"url":"https://contents.history.go.kr/front/hm/view.do?levelId=hm_067_0070","title":"Our History Net, A Prayer Offered While Carving the Tripitaka","type":"source"},{"url":"https://www.heritage.go.kr/heri/cul/culSelectDetail.do?ccbaAsno=0000320000000\u0026ccbaCpno=1113800320000\u0026ccbaCtcd=38\u0026ccbaKdcd=11","title":"National Heritage Portal, National Treasure Printing Woodblocks of the Tripitaka Koreana in Haeinsa Temple, Hapcheon","type":"data_point"},{"url":"https://contents.history.go.kr/mobile/kc/view.do?levelId=kc_r200500","title":"Our History Net Chronology of Korean History, Tripitaka Koreana","type":"source"},{"url":"https://db.history.go.kr/diachronic/level.do?levelId=nh_021_0020_0010_0070_0030_0010","title":"New History of Korea, Motives for the Creation of the Goryeo Tripitaka and the Period of Its Carving","type":"source"},{"url":"https://db.history.go.kr/diachronic/level.do?levelId=nh_021_0020_0010_0070_0030_0020","title":"New History of Korea, Establishment of the Directorate for the Tripitaka and the Carving Sites","type":"source"},{"url":"https://contents.history.go.kr/mobile/nh/view.do?levelId=nh_021_0020_0010_0070_0020","title":"New History of Korea, Composition of the Goryeo Tripitaka","type":"source"},{"url":"https://heritage.go.kr/heri/html/HtmlPage.do?pageNo=1_2_2_1\u0026pg=%2Funesco%2FHeritage%2FHeritage_02.jsp","title":"National Heritage Portal, Haeinsa Temple Janggyeong Panjeon","type":"source"},{"url":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/737","title":"UNESCO World Heritage Centre, Haeinsa Temple Janggyeong Panjeon","type":"source"},{"url":"https://www.unesco.org/en/memory-world/printing-woodblocks-tripitaka-koreana-and-miscellaneous-buddhist-scriptures","title":"UNESCO Memory of the World, Printing Woodblocks of the Tripitaka Koreana and Miscellaneous Buddhist Scriptures","type":"source"},{"url":"https://media.unesco.org/sites/default/files/webform/mow001/korea_tripitaka.pdf","title":"Nomination Form for the Printing Woodblocks of the Tripitaka Koreana and Miscellaneous Buddhist Scriptures for Inscription on the UNESCO Memory of the World Register","type":"source"}],"images":[{"id":1496,"url":"https://injoys.com/rails/active_storage/blobs/proxy/eyJfcmFpbHMiOnsiZGF0YSI6MjE4MzksInB1ciI6ImJsb2JfaWQifX0=--c2771842e3e06622064e47fcadd3330a4bff4e5b/ai-22fabbec.webp","is_representative":false,"generation_method":"ai_semi","license":"ai_generated","mime_type":"image/webp","width":1536,"height":1024,"translations":{"ko":{"alt":"목판을 새기고 경전을 대조하는 고려의 작업장 너머로 불타는 산등성이가 보인다.","caption":"고려는 몽골 침입으로 소실된 초조대장경을 대신해 팔만대장경을 다시 조성했다.","description":null},"en":{"alt":"Artisans carve woodblocks and scholars compare manuscripts in a Goryeo workshop, with fires on distant hills.","caption":"Goryeo recarved the Tripitaka after the earlier set of blocks was lost during the Mongol invasions.","description":null},"ja":{"alt":"高麗の工房で職人が木版を彫り、学者が経典を照合する。遠くの山には火の手が上がる。","caption":"高麗はモンゴル侵入で失われた初雕大蔵経に代わり、八万大蔵経を再び作った。","description":null},"es":{"alt":"Artesanos tallan bloques de madera y eruditos cotejan manuscritos en un taller de Goryeo; arden colinas lejanas.","caption":"Goryeo volvió a elaborar el Tripitaka para reemplazar las planchas perdidas durante las invasiones mongolas.","description":null},"id":{"alt":"Perajin mengukir blok kayu dan cendekiawan membandingkan naskah di bengkel Goryeo, dengan api di perbukitan jauh.","caption":"Goryeo membuat ulang Tripitaka untuk menggantikan cetakan awal yang musnah saat invasi Mongol.","description":null},"pt":{"alt":"Artesãos entalham blocos de madeira e estudiosos comparam manuscritos numa oficina de Goryeo, com fogo ao longe.","caption":"Goryeo refez o Tripitaka para substituir as matrizes perdidas durante as invasões mongóis.","description":null},"zh-hant":{"alt":"高麗工坊中，工匠雕刻木版，學者核對經文，遠處山頭燃起火光。","caption":"高麗為取代蒙古入侵期間毀失的初雕大藏經，重新製作了八萬大藏經。","description":null},"de":{"alt":"Handwerker schnitzen Druckstöcke und Gelehrte vergleichen Schriften in einer Goryeo-Werkstatt; fern brennen Hügel.","caption":"Goryeo fertigte die Tripitaka neu an, um die während der Mongoleninvasionen verlorenen Druckstöcke zu ersetzen.","description":null}}},{"id":1497,"url":"https://injoys.com/rails/active_storage/blobs/proxy/eyJfcmFpbHMiOnsiZGF0YSI6MjE4NDUsInB1ciI6ImJsb2JfaWQifX0=--dd692f46c5197ddb9005015fcd1fbaf520586a2f/ai-c4865ddb.webp","is_representative":false,"generation_method":"ai_semi","license":"ai_generated","mime_type":"image/webp","width":1536,"height":1024,"translations":{"ko":{"alt":"해인사 장경판전의 긴 목조 복도에서 승려들이 경판을 살피고 열린 창 너머로 산이 보인다.","caption":"해인사의 보존 체계는 팔만대장경을 오늘날까지 전하는 데 중요한 역할을 했다.","description":null},"en":{"alt":"Monks tend to Tripitaka Koreana woodblocks along a long wooden hall at Haeinsa, with mountains beyond open shutters.","caption":"Haeinsa’s preservation system helped carry the Tripitaka Koreana into the present.","description":null},"ja":{"alt":"海印寺の長い木造の回廊で僧侶が経板を点検し、開いた窓の向こうに山々が見える。","caption":"海印寺の保存体制は、八万大蔵経を今日まで伝えるうえで重要な役割を果たした。","description":null},"es":{"alt":"Monjes revisan las planchas de la Tripitaka Coreana en una larga galería de madera de Haeinsa, abierta a las montañas.","caption":"El sistema de conservación de Haeinsa ayudó a preservar la Tripitaka Coreana hasta hoy.","description":null},"id":{"alt":"Para biksu memeriksa papan cetak Tripitaka Koreana di lorong kayu panjang Haeinsa, dengan pegunungan di luar.","caption":"Sistem pelestarian Haeinsa membantu menjaga Tripitaka Koreana hingga kini.","description":null},"pt":{"alt":"Monges examinam as matrizes da Tripitaka Koreana num longo corredor de madeira de Haeinsa, com montanhas ao fundo.","caption":"O sistema de preservação de Haeinsa ajudou a conservar a Tripitaka Koreana até hoje.","description":null},"zh-hant":{"alt":"海印寺的長條木造廊道裡，僧人查看經板，敞開的窗外可見山巒。","caption":"海印寺的保存制度對八萬大藏經流傳至今具有重要意義。","description":null},"de":{"alt":"Mönche prüfen Druckplatten der Tripitaka Koreana in einem langen Holzgang von Haeinsa; draußen sind Berge zu sehen.","caption":"Das Aufbewahrungssystem von Haeinsa trug dazu bei, die Tripitaka Koreana bis heute zu erhalten.","description":null}}}],"published_at":"2026-09-25T06:29:55+09:00","updated_at":"2026-09-25T06:29:55+09:00","license":"cc_by","translation_status":"reviewed","available_locales":["ko","en","ja","es"],"data_locales":["ko","en","ja","es","id","pt","zh-hant","de"],"url":"https://injoys.com/en/articles/palman-daejanggyeong-mongol-invasions-and-preservation"}