{"content_id":"ugmdbbyq43","slug":"salt-march-1930-gandhi-background-and-results","locale":"en","schema_type":"Article","category":"case_study","category_name":"Case Study","title":"Gandhi's 1930 Salt March: Background and Results","summary":"Gandhi's 1930 Salt March was a nonviolent protest against colonial salt laws. It led to nationwide civil disobedience and negotiations in 1931, but did not achieve immediate independence or the complete abolition of the salt tax.","sponsorship_disclosure":null,"affiliate_disclosure":null,"commerce_disclosure":null,"author":{"name":"Injoys Editorial Team","url":"https://injoys.com/ko/about"},"key_points":["Gandhi chose salt as the focus of resistance because it was a basic necessity that even the poor could not do without.","The march began on March 12, 1930, and led to the violation of the salt laws at Dandi on April 6.","Civil disobedience continued even after Gandhi was arrested on May 5, 1930.","The Gandhi-Irwin Pact of March 5, 1931, was an agreement to suspend the movement in exchange for limited concessions.","The Salt March succeeded in drawing mass participation and opening negotiations, but these achievements should not be confused with immediate independence."],"content_markdown":"The Salt March was a nonviolent protest by Gandhi and Indian citizens against colonial salt laws in 1930. They continued the movement despite arrests and repression. It is remembered as an event that led to nationwide civil disobedience and negotiations in 1931.\n\nRecords from Rajghat and Gandhi Heritage Portal were checked in November 2026.\n\n## Why the Salt Tax Became an Issue in the Independence Movement\n\nSalt was a daily necessity that even the poor had to consume. The British colonial authorities monopolized salt production and taxed it. The salt laws also restricted residents from obtaining salt themselves.\n\nGandhi connected the salt issue to the injustice of colonial rule. He explained his reasons in a letter to Viceroy Irwin on March 2, 1930. He criticized the salt tax from the perspective of the poor. He explained that the independence movement, too, should start with the problems of poor people. [*Selected Letters of Mahatma Gandhi*](https://www.mkgandhi.org/ebks/selected_letters.pdf)\n\nThe political goal went beyond abolishing the salt tax. At its Lahore session in late 1929, the Indian National Congress adopted complete independence as its goal. On January 26, 1930, people across India took pledges of independence. Breaking the salt laws was a starting point for putting this goal into everyday action. [Gandhi Heritage Portal background chronology](https://www.gandhiheritageportal.org/background-to-the-salt-satyagraha), [Rajghat chronology](https://rajghat.gov.in/chronology)\n\n## What Are Nonviolence and Civil Disobedience?\n\nNonviolence in the Salt March meant resisting without harming the other side. Gandhi developed his methods of resistance while opposing discrimination against Indians in South Africa. The Salt March applied that experience to a mass movement in India. [Stanford's account of Gandhi](https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/gandhi-mohandas-k)\n\n| Concept | Meaning | Connection to the Salt March |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Ahimsa | The principle of nonviolence, which means not harming other living beings | The basis for acting without attacking the other side |\n| Satyagraha | Gandhi's philosophy of resistance, meaning holding firmly to truth | A way of resisting unjust rule through nonviolence |\n| Civil disobedience | Resistance through openly breaking laws considered unjust | Challenging the legitimacy of the salt laws by breaking them |\n| Swaraj | Self-rule, meaning governing oneself | The goal of complete independence advocated by the Indian National Congress at the time |\n| Swadeshi | A movement emphasizing the use of domestically produced goods | Connected to boycotting foreign cloth and using domestically handwoven cloth |\n\nNoncooperation and civil disobedience differ in their methods. Refusing to buy foreign cloth is a form of noncooperation. Collecting salt when it was prohibited was civil disobedience that directly broke the law. Gandhi called for both actions during the march. [“Salt Satyagraha and Dandi March”](https://www.mkgandhi.org/articles/salt_satya.php)\n\n## Timeline from the Start of the March to the Pact\n\nThe Salt March began on a different date from the day the salt laws were broken. The movement continued after the action at Dandi. The timeline below distinguishes the march, arrests, and negotiations.\n\n| Date | Event | Supporting record |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| March 2, 1930 | Gandhi sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin announcing his plan to break the salt laws | Gandhi Heritage Portal background chronology |\n| March 12, 1930 | Departure from Sabarmati Ashram for Dandi | Rajghat chronology |\n| April 6, 1930 | Salt laws broken at Dandi | Rajghat chronology |\n| May 5, 1930 | Gandhi arrested | Rajghat chronology |\n| January 26, 1931 | Gandhi released | Rajghat chronology |\n| March 5, 1931 | Gandhi-Irwin Pact signed and announced | Gandhi Heritage Portal pact chronology |\n| August 29, 1931 | Departure for Britain to attend the Second Round Table Conference | Rajghat chronology |\n\nGandhi's core group of companions at the start numbered **78**. Rajghat records that others were also in the procession at its departure. The figure of 78 should therefore not be read as the total number of participants in the movement. The same chronology records the march's distance as 241 miles. [Rajghat chronology](https://rajghat.gov.in/chronology), [Pact chronology](https://www.gandhiheritageportal.org/gandhi-irwin-pact)\n\n## How Breaking the Salt Laws at Dandi Became a Turning Point\n\nCollecting salt at Dandi was an act of open disobedience to colonial law. Gandhi gave speeches in villages on the way to his destination. The march was also an organizing effort to explain the purpose of breaking the salt laws. The journey itself became an opportunity to gather supporters.\n\nGandhi broke the salt laws at Dandi on April 6, 1930. Violations of the salt laws followed in other regions. People could now join the movement without joining a particular marching procession. They could resist the same laws locally. [“Repression, backfire, and the theory of transformative events”](https://documents.uow.edu.au/~/bmartin/pubs/06mobilization.html)\n\nCivil disobedience spread beyond the salt issue. The Indian National Congress also organized resistance to other laws and the colonial economy. An account by the Publications Division of the Government of India records the following actions.\n\n- Breaking the salt laws and forest laws\n- Refusing to pay taxes\n- Boycotting foreign cloth\n\nThe colonial authorities responded with ordinances that expanded their powers of arrest and prosecution. Gandhi was also arrested on May 5, 1930. His detention, however, did not end the movement as a whole. [Publications Division of the Government of India, “Civil Disobedience Movement”](https://publicationsdivision.nic.in/catalog/view/theme/default/images/new_ngm_final/timeline/pages/page14.html)\n\n## Resistance and International Reporting After Gandhi's Arrest\n\nOther leaders continued the resistance after Gandhi's arrest. The protest at the Dharasana salt works is a prominent example. Sarojini Naidu urged participants to uphold the principle of nonviolence. Women leaders, too, led the movement that followed.\n\nWomen's participation was not limited to leadership. Gandhi encouraged women to protest outside liquor shops and stores selling foreign cloth. Participation extended beyond the march to Dandi. Residents joined the movement through boycotts, protests, and other actions. [Account by the Publications Division of the Government of India](https://publicationsdivision.nic.in/catalog/view/theme/default/images/new_ngm_final/timeline/pages/page14.html), [“Salt Satyagraha and Dandi March”](https://www.mkgandhi.org/articles/salt_satya.php)\n\nAt Dharasana, police violently suppressed nonviolent protesters. American journalist Webb Miller witnessed the events and reported from the scene. His reports reached audiences abroad, making the colonial authorities' response known. International attention is considered one of the Salt March's political effects. [Hess and Martin's study of social movements](https://documents.uow.edu.au/~/bmartin/pubs/06mobilization.html)\n\n## Achievements and Limits of the 1931 Gandhi-Irwin Pact\n\nThe Gandhi-Irwin Pact was not a document that secured independence. It was a provisional agreement announced on **March 5, 1931**. It exchanged a suspension of the movement for limited concessions by the colonial authorities. It also opened the way for the Indian National Congress to take part in subsequent constitutional negotiations. [Gandhi Heritage Portal pact chronology](https://www.gandhiheritageportal.org/gandhi-irwin-pact)\n\n| Issue | Terms of the agreement | Limits to its interpretation |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Civil disobedience | The Indian National Congress agreed to suspend the movement | This did not mean abandoning the demand for independence itself |\n| Political prisoners | Release of prisoners held in connection with nonviolent civil disobedience | This was not an agreement to release all prisoners unconditionally |\n| Salt | Residents near the coast were allowed to produce salt for their own consumption | This was not the complete nationwide abolition of the salt tax |\n| Salt sales | Restrictions on sales outside villages remained | This did not allow unrestricted nationwide distribution |\n| Political negotiations | Indian National Congress participation in the Round Table Conference | This did not guarantee an immediate transfer of sovereignty |\n| Police response | The demand for an inquiry into police conduct was not accepted | This was not an agreement that established responsibility for repression |\n\nThe terms in the table follow The Nehru Archive's description and annotations of the pact. In particular, the scope of prisoner releases and salt production must be distinguished. Treating a limited allowance as the restoration of a nationwide right changes the conclusion. [“A Note on the Provisional Settlement”](https://nehruarchive.in/documents/a-note-on-the-provisional-settlement-4-march-1931-6jl1n)\n\nNot all of Gandhi's colleagues were satisfied with the pact. Nehru worried that freedom in defense, foreign affairs, and finance might be restricted. Even so, he stated that the agreed truce should be honored. Support for the pact coexisted with criticism of its terms.\n\nGandhi later attended the Second Round Table Conference. The negotiations, however, did not resolve the question of independence. The Publications Division of the Government of India states that the agreement broke down after his return. Civil disobedience and repression resumed in 1932. [Nehru's account of March 4, 1931](https://nehruarchive.in/documents/a-note-on-the-provisional-settlement-4-march-1931-6jl1n), [Account by the Publications Division of the Government of India](https://publicationsdivision.nic.in/catalog/view/theme/default/images/new_ngm_final/timeline/pages/page14.html)\n\n## Issues Revealed by Gandhi's Letter and the Viceroy's Reply\n\nThe two sides differed even in their criteria for judging the breaking of the salt laws. Gandhi raised questions about the livelihoods of the poor and the legitimacy of colonial rule. The Viceroy's secretary emphasized lawbreaking and the risk to public order. The same action was explained through different reasoning.\n\n| Record | Central reasoning | Position shown |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Gandhi's letter of March 2, 1930 | The burden on the poor and criticism of colonial rule | Advance notice of an intention to break an unjust law openly |\n| The Viceroy's secretary's reply in March 1930 | Concern about lawbreaking and public peace | The planned action was treated as a matter of law and order |\n\nGandhi's letter can be found on Gandhi Heritage Portal. The portal links to pages 2 to 8 of Volume 43 of *The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi*. The same background chronology also includes the Viceroy's secretary's reply. The text of the letter can also be found in *Selected Letters of Mahatma Gandhi*.\n\nReading these records together makes the issues behind the resistance clearer. Gandhi did not conceal his plan to break the law. The Viceroy's office objected to the fact that the action would violate the law. The difference between the two positions lies in distinguishing a law's existence from its legitimacy. [Gandhi Heritage Portal background chronology](https://www.gandhiheritageportal.org/background-to-the-salt-satyagraha), [Gandhi's collected letters](https://www.mkgandhi.org/ebks/selected_letters.pdf)\n\n## Records and Interpretation\n\nDocumented events must be distinguished from assessments of their effects. Chronologies are used to verify the dates of the departure, arrests, and pact. Letters show the reasons the people involved gave at the time. Research draws on these records to explain the movement's impact.\n\n### Facts Established by the Records\n\nOfficial chronologies record the 1930 march and the 1931 negotiations separately. Gandhi's letter shows that he announced his intention to break the salt laws in advance. Records of the pact show limited concessions concerning salt. This does not support the claim that the salt tax was completely abolished immediately after the march. [Rajghat chronology](https://rajghat.gov.in/chronology), [Gandhi Heritage Portal pact chronology](https://www.gandhiheritageportal.org/gandhi-irwin-pact)\n\n### Shared Assessments in Research and Historical Accounts\n\nThe expansion of mass participation is considered a major achievement of the Salt March. The Publications Division of the Government of India emphasizes the nationwide spread of disobedience. Hess and Martin's study examines domestic participation and changes in opinion abroad. Both accounts connect the action at Dandi to the movement that followed. [Account by the Publications Division of the Government of India](https://publicationsdivision.nic.in/catalog/view/theme/default/images/new_ngm_final/timeline/pages/page14.html), [Hess and Martin's study](https://documents.uow.edu.au/~/bmartin/pubs/06mobilization.html)\n\n### Differing Assessments and Limits of Verification\n\nAssessments of the negotiations' achievements depend on the criteria used. Entering negotiations was a political achievement, but independence was not achieved. Nehru's account also combines recognition of the agreement's achievements with concerns.\n\nChanges in international opinion are also difficult to express in precise figures. Hess and Martin point out that no opinion polls measured the effects at the time. The spread of reporting and the scale of changes in public opinion are separate questions. Nor can the records reviewed alone be used to calculate the proportion of its contribution to independence. [Nehru's assessment of the pact](https://nehruarchive.in/documents/a-note-on-the-provisional-settlement-4-march-1931-6jl1n), [Hess and Martin's study](https://documents.uow.edu.au/~/bmartin/pubs/06mobilization.html)\n\n## Its Lasting Significance for Understanding Civil Disobedience Today\n\nThe Salt March is an example of how everyday burdens can lead to political participation. Salt, a familiar substance, made the problems of colonial rule concrete. Local participation made the movement broader than one leader's march. This connection is an interpretation based on the records and research discussed above.\n\nGandhi's nonviolent methods later influenced the American civil rights movement as well. Martin Luther King Jr. acknowledged the influence of Gandhi's methods. In 1959, he visited India to deepen his understanding of those principles. This should be understood as an influence of Gandhi's nonviolent movement as a whole. [Stanford, “India Trip”](https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/india-trip)\n\n## Frequently Asked Questions\n\n### Are the Salt March and the Dandi March the Same Event?\n\nThe names refer to the same event. Dandi is the coastal village where Gandhi broke the salt laws. Salt Satyagraha, however, can refer more broadly to the disobedience that followed.\n\n### When Did the Salt March Begin?\n\nThe march began on March 12, 1930. The salt laws were broken at Dandi on April 6. The date of departure must be distinguished from the date the laws were broken.\n\n### Why Did Gandhi Choose Salt?\n\nSalt was a necessity that even the poor had to consume. Gandhi connected the salt tax to the burden on the poor. He chose breaking the salt laws as a concrete way for people to participate in the independence movement.\n\n### Why Was He Arrested if the Movement Was Nonviolent?\n\nNot using violence was different from obeying the laws of the time. Participants in the movement openly broke the salt laws. The colonial authorities enforced those laws and arrested participants.\n\n### Did the Movement End When Gandhi Was Arrested?\n\nThe movement continued after Gandhi's arrest on May 5, 1930. Other leaders carried on the protests at Dharasana. Forms of civil disobedience other than breaking the salt laws also spread.\n\n### Did the 1931 Pact Abolish the Salt Tax?\n\nThe pact did not abolish the salt tax nationwide. It allowed limited salt production by residents near the coast. Restrictions on sales outside villages remained.\n\n### Did India Gain Independence Immediately After the Salt March?\n\nIndia did not gain independence immediately after the Salt March. India became independent in 1947. The direct achievements of the movement from 1930 to 1931 were expanded participation and entry into negotiations.\n\n### Can the Movement Be Seen as Led by Gandhi Alone?\n\nGandhi was the central leader who organized its start. However, local participants and other leaders also carried the movement forward. Sarojini Naidu's leadership of subsequent protests is one example.","content_html":"\u003cp\u003eThe Salt March was a nonviolent protest by Gandhi and Indian citizens against colonial salt laws in 1930. They continued the movement despite arrests and repression. It is remembered as an event that led to nationwide civil disobedience and negotiations in 1931.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRecords from Rajghat and Gandhi Heritage Portal were checked in November 2026.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#why-the-salt-tax-became-an-issue-in-the-independence-movement\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"why-the-salt-tax-became-an-issue-in-the-independence-movement\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eWhy the Salt Tax Became an Issue in the Independence Movement\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSalt was a daily necessity that even the poor had to consume. The British colonial authorities monopolized salt production and taxed it. The salt laws also restricted residents from obtaining salt themselves.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGandhi connected the salt issue to the injustice of colonial rule. He explained his reasons in a letter to Viceroy Irwin on March 2, 1930. He criticized the salt tax from the perspective of the poor. He explained that the independence movement, too, should start with the problems of poor people. \u003ca href=\"https://www.mkgandhi.org/ebks/selected_letters.pdf\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eSelected Letters of Mahatma Gandhi\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe political goal went beyond abolishing the salt tax. At its Lahore session in late 1929, the Indian National Congress adopted complete independence as its goal. On January 26, 1930, people across India took pledges of independence. Breaking the salt laws was a starting point for putting this goal into everyday action. \u003ca href=\"https://www.gandhiheritageportal.org/background-to-the-salt-satyagraha\"\u003eGandhi Heritage Portal background chronology\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https://rajghat.gov.in/chronology\"\u003eRajghat chronology\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#what-are-nonviolence-and-civil-disobedience\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"what-are-nonviolence-and-civil-disobedience\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eWhat Are Nonviolence and Civil Disobedience?\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNonviolence in the Salt March meant resisting without harming the other side. Gandhi developed his methods of resistance while opposing discrimination against Indians in South Africa. The Salt March applied that experience to a mass movement in India. \u003ca href=\"https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/gandhi-mohandas-k\"\u003eStanford's account of Gandhi\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"overflow-x-auto\"\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eConcept\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eMeaning\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eConnection to the Salt March\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Concept\"\u003eAhimsa\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Meaning\"\u003eThe principle of nonviolence, which means not harming other living beings\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Connection to the Salt March\"\u003eThe basis for acting without attacking the other side\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Concept\"\u003eSatyagraha\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Meaning\"\u003eGandhi's philosophy of resistance, meaning holding firmly to truth\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Connection to the Salt March\"\u003eA way of resisting unjust rule through nonviolence\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Concept\"\u003eCivil disobedience\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Meaning\"\u003eResistance through openly breaking laws considered unjust\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Connection to the Salt March\"\u003eChallenging the legitimacy of the salt laws by breaking them\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Concept\"\u003eSwaraj\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Meaning\"\u003eSelf-rule, meaning governing oneself\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Connection to the Salt March\"\u003eThe goal of complete independence advocated by the Indian National Congress at the time\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Concept\"\u003eSwadeshi\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Meaning\"\u003eA movement emphasizing the use of domestically produced goods\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Connection to the Salt March\"\u003eConnected to boycotting foreign cloth and using domestically handwoven cloth\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNoncooperation and civil disobedience differ in their methods. Refusing to buy foreign cloth is a form of noncooperation. Collecting salt when it was prohibited was civil disobedience that directly broke the law. Gandhi called for both actions during the march. \u003ca href=\"https://www.mkgandhi.org/articles/salt_satya.php\"\u003e“Salt Satyagraha and Dandi March”\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#timeline-from-the-start-of-the-march-to-the-pact\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"timeline-from-the-start-of-the-march-to-the-pact\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eTimeline from the Start of the March to the Pact\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Salt March began on a different date from the day the salt laws were broken. The movement continued after the action at Dandi. The timeline below distinguishes the march, arrests, and negotiations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"overflow-x-auto\"\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eDate\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eEvent\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eSupporting record\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Date\"\u003eMarch 2, 1930\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Event\"\u003eGandhi sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin announcing his plan to break the salt laws\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Supporting record\"\u003eGandhi Heritage Portal background chronology\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Date\"\u003eMarch 12, 1930\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Event\"\u003eDeparture from Sabarmati Ashram for Dandi\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Supporting record\"\u003eRajghat chronology\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Date\"\u003eApril 6, 1930\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Event\"\u003eSalt laws broken at Dandi\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Supporting record\"\u003eRajghat chronology\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Date\"\u003eMay 5, 1930\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Event\"\u003eGandhi arrested\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Supporting record\"\u003eRajghat chronology\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Date\"\u003eJanuary 26, 1931\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Event\"\u003eGandhi released\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Supporting record\"\u003eRajghat chronology\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Date\"\u003eMarch 5, 1931\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Event\"\u003eGandhi-Irwin Pact signed and announced\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Supporting record\"\u003eGandhi Heritage Portal pact chronology\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Date\"\u003eAugust 29, 1931\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Event\"\u003eDeparture for Britain to attend the Second Round Table Conference\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Supporting record\"\u003eRajghat chronology\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGandhi's core group of companions at the start numbered \u003cstrong\u003e78\u003c/strong\u003e. Rajghat records that others were also in the procession at its departure. The figure of 78 should therefore not be read as the total number of participants in the movement. The same chronology records the march's distance as 241 miles. \u003ca href=\"https://rajghat.gov.in/chronology\"\u003eRajghat chronology\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https://www.gandhiheritageportal.org/gandhi-irwin-pact\"\u003ePact chronology\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#how-breaking-the-salt-laws-at-dandi-became-a-turning-point\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"how-breaking-the-salt-laws-at-dandi-became-a-turning-point\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eHow Breaking the Salt Laws at Dandi Became a Turning Point\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCollecting salt at Dandi was an act of open disobedience to colonial law. Gandhi gave speeches in villages on the way to his destination. The march was also an organizing effort to explain the purpose of breaking the salt laws. The journey itself became an opportunity to gather supporters.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGandhi broke the salt laws at Dandi on April 6, 1930. Violations of the salt laws followed in other regions. People could now join the movement without joining a particular marching procession. They could resist the same laws locally. \u003ca href=\"https://documents.uow.edu.au/~/bmartin/pubs/06mobilization.html\"\u003e“Repression, backfire, and the theory of transformative events”\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCivil disobedience spread beyond the salt issue. The Indian National Congress also organized resistance to other laws and the colonial economy. An account by the Publications Division of the Government of India records the following actions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBreaking the salt laws and forest laws\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRefusing to pay taxes\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBoycotting foreign cloth\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe colonial authorities responded with ordinances that expanded their powers of arrest and prosecution. Gandhi was also arrested on May 5, 1930. His detention, however, did not end the movement as a whole. \u003ca href=\"https://publicationsdivision.nic.in/catalog/view/theme/default/images/new_ngm_final/timeline/pages/page14.html\"\u003ePublications Division of the Government of India, “Civil Disobedience Movement”\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#resistance-and-international-reporting-after-gandhis-arrest\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"resistance-and-international-reporting-after-gandhis-arrest\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eResistance and International Reporting After Gandhi's Arrest\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOther leaders continued the resistance after Gandhi's arrest. The protest at the Dharasana salt works is a prominent example. Sarojini Naidu urged participants to uphold the principle of nonviolence. Women leaders, too, led the movement that followed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWomen's participation was not limited to leadership. Gandhi encouraged women to protest outside liquor shops and stores selling foreign cloth. Participation extended beyond the march to Dandi. Residents joined the movement through boycotts, protests, and other actions. \u003ca href=\"https://publicationsdivision.nic.in/catalog/view/theme/default/images/new_ngm_final/timeline/pages/page14.html\"\u003eAccount by the Publications Division of the Government of India\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https://www.mkgandhi.org/articles/salt_satya.php\"\u003e“Salt Satyagraha and Dandi March”\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAt Dharasana, police violently suppressed nonviolent protesters. American journalist Webb Miller witnessed the events and reported from the scene. His reports reached audiences abroad, making the colonial authorities' response known. International attention is considered one of the Salt March's political effects. \u003ca href=\"https://documents.uow.edu.au/~/bmartin/pubs/06mobilization.html\"\u003eHess and Martin's study of social movements\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#achievements-and-limits-of-the-1931-gandhi-irwin-pact\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"achievements-and-limits-of-the-1931-gandhi-irwin-pact\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eAchievements and Limits of the 1931 Gandhi-Irwin Pact\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Gandhi-Irwin Pact was not a document that secured independence. It was a provisional agreement announced on \u003cstrong\u003eMarch 5, 1931\u003c/strong\u003e. It exchanged a suspension of the movement for limited concessions by the colonial authorities. It also opened the way for the Indian National Congress to take part in subsequent constitutional negotiations. \u003ca href=\"https://www.gandhiheritageportal.org/gandhi-irwin-pact\"\u003eGandhi Heritage Portal pact chronology\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"overflow-x-auto\"\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eIssue\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eTerms of the agreement\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eLimits to its interpretation\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Issue\"\u003eCivil disobedience\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Terms of the agreement\"\u003eThe Indian National Congress agreed to suspend the movement\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Limits to its interpretation\"\u003eThis did not mean abandoning the demand for independence itself\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Issue\"\u003ePolitical prisoners\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Terms of the agreement\"\u003eRelease of prisoners held in connection with nonviolent civil disobedience\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Limits to its interpretation\"\u003eThis was not an agreement to release all prisoners unconditionally\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Issue\"\u003eSalt\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Terms of the agreement\"\u003eResidents near the coast were allowed to produce salt for their own consumption\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Limits to its interpretation\"\u003eThis was not the complete nationwide abolition of the salt tax\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Issue\"\u003eSalt sales\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Terms of the agreement\"\u003eRestrictions on sales outside villages remained\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Limits to its interpretation\"\u003eThis did not allow unrestricted nationwide distribution\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Issue\"\u003ePolitical negotiations\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Terms of the agreement\"\u003eIndian National Congress participation in the Round Table Conference\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Limits to its interpretation\"\u003eThis did not guarantee an immediate transfer of sovereignty\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Issue\"\u003ePolice response\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Terms of the agreement\"\u003eThe demand for an inquiry into police conduct was not accepted\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Limits to its interpretation\"\u003eThis was not an agreement that established responsibility for repression\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe terms in the table follow The Nehru Archive's description and annotations of the pact. In particular, the scope of prisoner releases and salt production must be distinguished. Treating a limited allowance as the restoration of a nationwide right changes the conclusion. \u003ca href=\"https://nehruarchive.in/documents/a-note-on-the-provisional-settlement-4-march-1931-6jl1n\"\u003e“A Note on the Provisional Settlement”\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot all of Gandhi's colleagues were satisfied with the pact. Nehru worried that freedom in defense, foreign affairs, and finance might be restricted. Even so, he stated that the agreed truce should be honored. Support for the pact coexisted with criticism of its terms.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGandhi later attended the Second Round Table Conference. The negotiations, however, did not resolve the question of independence. The Publications Division of the Government of India states that the agreement broke down after his return. Civil disobedience and repression resumed in 1932. \u003ca href=\"https://nehruarchive.in/documents/a-note-on-the-provisional-settlement-4-march-1931-6jl1n\"\u003eNehru's account of March 4, 1931\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https://publicationsdivision.nic.in/catalog/view/theme/default/images/new_ngm_final/timeline/pages/page14.html\"\u003eAccount by the Publications Division of the Government of India\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#issues-revealed-by-gandhis-letter-and-the-viceroys-reply\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"issues-revealed-by-gandhis-letter-and-the-viceroys-reply\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eIssues Revealed by Gandhi's Letter and the Viceroy's Reply\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe two sides differed even in their criteria for judging the breaking of the salt laws. Gandhi raised questions about the livelihoods of the poor and the legitimacy of colonial rule. The Viceroy's secretary emphasized lawbreaking and the risk to public order. The same action was explained through different reasoning.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"overflow-x-auto\"\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eRecord\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eCentral reasoning\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003ePosition shown\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Record\"\u003eGandhi's letter of March 2, 1930\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Central reasoning\"\u003eThe burden on the poor and criticism of colonial rule\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Position shown\"\u003eAdvance notice of an intention to break an unjust law openly\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Record\"\u003eThe Viceroy's secretary's reply in March 1930\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Central reasoning\"\u003eConcern about lawbreaking and public peace\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Position shown\"\u003eThe planned action was treated as a matter of law and order\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGandhi's letter can be found on Gandhi Heritage Portal. The portal links to pages 2 to 8 of Volume 43 of \u003cem\u003eThe Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi\u003c/em\u003e. The same background chronology also includes the Viceroy's secretary's reply. The text of the letter can also be found in \u003cem\u003eSelected Letters of Mahatma Gandhi\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eReading these records together makes the issues behind the resistance clearer. Gandhi did not conceal his plan to break the law. The Viceroy's office objected to the fact that the action would violate the law. The difference between the two positions lies in distinguishing a law's existence from its legitimacy. \u003ca href=\"https://www.gandhiheritageportal.org/background-to-the-salt-satyagraha\"\u003eGandhi Heritage Portal background chronology\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https://www.mkgandhi.org/ebks/selected_letters.pdf\"\u003eGandhi's collected letters\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#records-and-interpretation\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"records-and-interpretation\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eRecords and Interpretation\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDocumented events must be distinguished from assessments of their effects. Chronologies are used to verify the dates of the departure, arrests, and pact. Letters show the reasons the people involved gave at the time. Research draws on these records to explain the movement's impact.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#facts-established-by-the-records\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"facts-established-by-the-records\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eFacts Established by the Records\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOfficial chronologies record the 1930 march and the 1931 negotiations separately. Gandhi's letter shows that he announced his intention to break the salt laws in advance. Records of the pact show limited concessions concerning salt. This does not support the claim that the salt tax was completely abolished immediately after the march. \u003ca href=\"https://rajghat.gov.in/chronology\"\u003eRajghat chronology\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https://www.gandhiheritageportal.org/gandhi-irwin-pact\"\u003eGandhi Heritage Portal pact chronology\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#shared-assessments-in-research-and-historical-accounts\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"shared-assessments-in-research-and-historical-accounts\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eShared Assessments in Research and Historical Accounts\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe expansion of mass participation is considered a major achievement of the Salt March. The Publications Division of the Government of India emphasizes the nationwide spread of disobedience. Hess and Martin's study examines domestic participation and changes in opinion abroad. Both accounts connect the action at Dandi to the movement that followed. \u003ca href=\"https://publicationsdivision.nic.in/catalog/view/theme/default/images/new_ngm_final/timeline/pages/page14.html\"\u003eAccount by the Publications Division of the Government of India\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https://documents.uow.edu.au/~/bmartin/pubs/06mobilization.html\"\u003eHess and Martin's study\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#differing-assessments-and-limits-of-verification\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"differing-assessments-and-limits-of-verification\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eDiffering Assessments and Limits of Verification\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAssessments of the negotiations' achievements depend on the criteria used. Entering negotiations was a political achievement, but independence was not achieved. Nehru's account also combines recognition of the agreement's achievements with concerns.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eChanges in international opinion are also difficult to express in precise figures. Hess and Martin point out that no opinion polls measured the effects at the time. The spread of reporting and the scale of changes in public opinion are separate questions. Nor can the records reviewed alone be used to calculate the proportion of its contribution to independence. \u003ca href=\"https://nehruarchive.in/documents/a-note-on-the-provisional-settlement-4-march-1931-6jl1n\"\u003eNehru's assessment of the pact\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https://documents.uow.edu.au/~/bmartin/pubs/06mobilization.html\"\u003eHess and Martin's study\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#its-lasting-significance-for-understanding-civil-disobedience-today\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"its-lasting-significance-for-understanding-civil-disobedience-today\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eIts Lasting Significance for Understanding Civil Disobedience Today\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Salt March is an example of how everyday burdens can lead to political participation. Salt, a familiar substance, made the problems of colonial rule concrete. Local participation made the movement broader than one leader's march. This connection is an interpretation based on the records and research discussed above.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGandhi's nonviolent methods later influenced the American civil rights movement as well. Martin Luther King Jr. acknowledged the influence of Gandhi's methods. In 1959, he visited India to deepen his understanding of those principles. This should be understood as an influence of Gandhi's nonviolent movement as a whole. \u003ca href=\"https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/india-trip\"\u003eStanford, “India Trip”\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#frequently-asked-questions\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"frequently-asked-questions\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eFrequently Asked Questions\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#are-the-salt-march-and-the-dandi-march-the-same-event\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"are-the-salt-march-and-the-dandi-march-the-same-event\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eAre the Salt March and the Dandi March the Same Event?\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe names refer to the same event. Dandi is the coastal village where Gandhi broke the salt laws. Salt Satyagraha, however, can refer more broadly to the disobedience that followed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#when-did-the-salt-march-begin\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"when-did-the-salt-march-begin\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eWhen Did the Salt March Begin?\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe march began on March 12, 1930. The salt laws were broken at Dandi on April 6. The date of departure must be distinguished from the date the laws were broken.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#why-did-gandhi-choose-salt\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"why-did-gandhi-choose-salt\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eWhy Did Gandhi Choose Salt?\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSalt was a necessity that even the poor had to consume. Gandhi connected the salt tax to the burden on the poor. He chose breaking the salt laws as a concrete way for people to participate in the independence movement.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#why-was-he-arrested-if-the-movement-was-nonviolent\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"why-was-he-arrested-if-the-movement-was-nonviolent\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eWhy Was He Arrested if the Movement Was Nonviolent?\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot using violence was different from obeying the laws of the time. Participants in the movement openly broke the salt laws. The colonial authorities enforced those laws and arrested participants.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#did-the-movement-end-when-gandhi-was-arrested\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"did-the-movement-end-when-gandhi-was-arrested\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eDid the Movement End When Gandhi Was Arrested?\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe movement continued after Gandhi's arrest on May 5, 1930. Other leaders carried on the protests at Dharasana. Forms of civil disobedience other than breaking the salt laws also spread.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#did-the-1931-pact-abolish-the-salt-tax\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"did-the-1931-pact-abolish-the-salt-tax\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eDid the 1931 Pact Abolish the Salt Tax?\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe pact did not abolish the salt tax nationwide. It allowed limited salt production by residents near the coast. Restrictions on sales outside villages remained.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#did-india-gain-independence-immediately-after-the-salt-march\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"did-india-gain-independence-immediately-after-the-salt-march\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eDid India Gain Independence Immediately After the Salt March?\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIndia did not gain independence immediately after the Salt March. India became independent in 1947. The direct achievements of the movement from 1930 to 1931 were expanded participation and entry into negotiations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#can-the-movement-be-seen-as-led-by-gandhi-alone\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"can-the-movement-be-seen-as-led-by-gandhi-alone\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eCan the Movement Be Seen as Led by Gandhi Alone?\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGandhi was the central leader who organized its start. However, local participants and other leaders also carried the movement forward. Sarojini Naidu's leadership of subsequent protests is one example.\u003c/p\u003e\n","tags":["Taxes","Independence movement","Civil disobedience"],"faqs":[{"question":"Are the Salt March and the Dandi March the same event?","answer":"They refer to the same event. Dandi is the coastal village where Gandhi broke the salt law. The Salt Satyagraha can also refer more broadly to the civil disobedience that followed."},{"question":"When did the Salt March begin?","answer":"It set out from Sabarmati Ashram on March 12, 1930. Gandhi broke the salt law at Dandi on April 6, 1930."},{"question":"Why did Gandhi resist the salt tax?","answer":"Salt was a necessity that even poor people had to consume. Gandhi linked the salt tax to the burden on the poor. He chose breaking the salt law as a concrete way to participate in the independence movement."},{"question":"How many people set out on the Salt March?","answer":"The Rajghat chronology records that Gandhi set out with 78 companions from the ashram and others. The 78 were not the total number of participants in the nationwide civil disobedience movement."},{"question":"How long was the Salt March?","answer":"The Rajghat chronology records the distance from Ahmedabad to Dandi as 241 miles. This figure refers to the route of the 1930 march."},{"question":"Is nonviolent civil disobedience a law-abiding form of protest?","answer":"Civil disobedience is resistance that openly breaks laws considered unjust. During the Salt March, the salt law was deliberately broken. Nonviolence means following the principle of not attacking the other side."},{"question":"Did the movement continue after Gandhi was arrested?","answer":"Resistance continued after Gandhi was arrested on May 5, 1930. At Dharasana, other leaders led nonviolent protests. Civil disobedience also spread beyond violations of the salt law."},{"question":"Did women also participate in the Salt March movement?","answer":"Women participated in the movement through subsequent protests and boycotts. Sarojini Naidu played a leadership role in the Dharasana protests. Women's roles should not be viewed as limited to the ranks of the initial march."},{"question":"When was the Gandhi-Irwin Pact announced?","answer":"It was signed and announced on March 5, 1931. It was an interim agreement that included the suspension of civil disobedience and limited concessions by the colonial authorities."},{"question":"Did the Gandhi-Irwin Pact completely abolish the salt tax?","answer":"The salt tax was not completely abolished nationwide. Residents near the coast were allowed limited salt production. Restrictions remained on sales outside their villages."},{"question":"Did the Salt March immediately bring about India's independence?","answer":"India gained independence in 1947. The Salt March's direct achievements were broader public participation and entry into negotiations. These cannot be equated with immediate independence."},{"question":"How did Gandhi's colleagues assess the pact?","answer":"The pact received both support and criticism. Nehru was concerned that freedom in defense, foreign affairs, and finance might be restricted. At the same time, he said that the agreed truce had to be honored."},{"question":"Why did the Salt March become internationally known?","answer":"The march and subsequent protests were reported in the foreign press. In particular, Webb Miller's reporting from Dharasana brought attention to the colonial authorities' harsh crackdown. However, no opinion polls from the time measuring the extent of the shift in international public opinion have been identified."},{"question":"How did Gandhi's nonviolent resistance influence later generations?","answer":"Martin Luther King Jr. acknowledged that he was influenced by Gandhi's methods. In 1959, he visited India to gain a deeper understanding of the principles of nonviolence. This influence is linked to Gandhi's movement as a whole, including the Salt March."}],"sources":[{"url":"https://rajghat.gov.in/chronology","title":"Rajghat Samadhi Committee, Life Events of Mahatma Gandhi","type":"data_point"},{"url":"https://www.gandhiheritageportal.org/background-to-the-salt-satyagraha","title":"Gandhi Heritage Portal, Background to the Salt Satyagraha","type":"source"},{"url":"https://www.mkgandhi.org/ebks/selected_letters.pdf","title":"Selected Letters of Mahatma Gandhi, Letter to the Viceroy dated March 2, 1930","type":"source"},{"url":"https://www.gandhiheritageportal.org/gandhi-irwin-pact","title":"Gandhi Heritage Portal, Gandhi Irwin Pact","type":"source"},{"url":"https://publicationsdivision.nic.in/catalog/view/theme/default/images/new_ngm_final/timeline/pages/page14.html","title":"Government of India Publications Division, Civil Disobedience Movement","type":"source"},{"url":"https://www.mkgandhi.org/articles/salt_satya.php","title":"Salt Satyagraha and Dandi March","type":"source"},{"url":"https://nehruarchive.in/documents/a-note-on-the-provisional-settlement-4-march-1931-6jl1n","title":"The Nehru Archive, A Note on the Provisional Settlement, March 4, 1931","type":"source"},{"url":"https://documents.uow.edu.au/~/bmartin/pubs/06mobilization.html","title":"David Hess·Brian Martin, Repression, backfire, and the theory of transformative events, 2006","type":"source"},{"url":"https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/gandhi-mohandas-k","title":"Stanford Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute, Gandhi, Mohandas K.","type":"source"},{"url":"https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/india-trip","title":"Stanford Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute, India Trip","type":"source"}],"images":[{"id":2505,"url":"https://injoys.com/rails/active_storage/blobs/proxy/eyJfcmFpbHMiOnsiZGF0YSI6Mzg4NjQsInB1ciI6ImJsb2JfaWQifX0=--b5ce212d4c442b877652c5c3d87e9ec22ed1b354/ai-f351f7e1.webp","is_representative":false,"generation_method":"ai_semi","license":"ai_generated","mime_type":"image/webp","width":1536,"height":1024,"translations":{"ko":{"alt":"흰옷을 입은 사람들이 지팡이를 짚고 기와지붕 건물 옆 강변 흙길을 따라 길게 행진하는 뒷모습","caption":"1930년 3월 12일 시작된 소금 행진은 식민지 소금법에 맞선 비폭력 저항이었다.","description":null},"en":{"alt":"White-clad marchers, some with walking sticks, follow a riverside dirt path past tiled-roof buildings.","caption":"The Salt March began on March 12, 1930, as a nonviolent challenge to colonial salt laws.","description":null},"ja":{"alt":"白い衣をまとった人々が、杖をつきながら瓦屋根の建物の脇を通り、川沿いの土の道を進む後ろ姿","caption":"1930年3月12日に始まった塩の行進は、植民地の塩法に対する非暴力の抵抗だった。","description":null},"es":{"alt":"Manifestantes vestidos de blanco avanzan por un camino junto al río, pasando casas con tejados de tejas.","caption":"La Marcha de la Sal comenzó el 12 de marzo de 1930 como resistencia no violenta a las leyes coloniales de la sal.","description":null},"id":{"alt":"Peserta berpakaian putih menyusuri jalan tanah di tepi sungai, melewati bangunan beratap genteng.","caption":"Pawai Garam dimulai pada 12 Maret 1930 sebagai perlawanan tanpa kekerasan terhadap hukum garam kolonial.","description":null},"pt":{"alt":"Manifestantes vestidos de branco seguem por um caminho de terra à beira do rio, passando por casas com telhados de telha.","caption":"A Marcha do Sal começou em 12 de março de 1930 como resistência não violenta às leis coloniais do sal.","description":null},"zh-hant":{"alt":"身穿白衣的行進者背向觀者，部分人拄著木杖，沿河畔土路經過瓦頂建築，隊伍延伸至遠方。","caption":"1930年3月12日開始的食鹽進軍，是對殖民地鹽法的非暴力抵抗。","description":null},"de":{"alt":"Weiß gekleidete Marschierende ziehen auf einem Uferweg an Häusern mit Ziegeldächern vorbei, einige mit Stöcken.","caption":"Der Salzmarsch begann am 12. März 1930 als gewaltfreier Widerstand gegen die kolonialen Salzgesetze.","description":null}}},{"id":2506,"url":"https://injoys.com/rails/active_storage/blobs/proxy/eyJfcmFpbHMiOnsiZGF0YSI6Mzg4NzAsInB1ciI6ImJsb2JfaWQifX0=--a90c3c8387c174a3d8986bc6f1adf4e974a4dc08/ai-715b38fb.webp","is_representative":false,"generation_method":"ai_semi","license":"ai_generated","mime_type":"image/webp","width":1536,"height":1024,"translations":{"ko":{"alt":"소금이 하얗게 굳은 단디 해안에서 사람들이 몸을 굽혀 소금을 줍고, 젖은 땅 위로 발자국이 이어진다.","caption":"1930년 4월 6일 단디에서의 소금법 위반은 식민 통치에 대한 공개적 불복종이었다.","description":null},"en":{"alt":"People bend to gather salt on Dandi’s salt-crusted shore, with footprints crossing the wet ground.","caption":"Breaking the salt law at Dandi on April 6, 1930, was an act of open defiance against colonial rule.","description":null},"ja":{"alt":"塩が白く固まったダンディーの海岸で人々が身をかがめて塩を拾い、湿った地面に足跡が続いている。","caption":"1930年4月6日のダンディーでの製塩法違反は、植民地支配に対する公然たる不服従だった。","description":null},"es":{"alt":"Varias personas recogen sal en la costa de Dandi, entre costras salinas y huellas sobre el suelo húmedo.","caption":"Violar la ley de la sal en Dandi el 6 de abril de 1930 fue un acto de desafío abierto al dominio colonial.","description":null},"id":{"alt":"Orang-orang membungkuk memungut garam di pesisir Dandi yang berkerak garam, dengan jejak kaki di tanah basah.","caption":"Pelanggaran hukum garam di Dandi pada 6 April 1930 merupakan pembangkangan terbuka terhadap kekuasaan kolonial.","description":null},"pt":{"alt":"Pessoas se curvam para recolher sal na costa de Dandi, entre crostas salinas e pegadas no chão molhado.","caption":"Violar a lei do sal em Dandi em 6 de abril de 1930 foi um ato de desafio aberto ao domínio colonial.","description":null},"zh-hant":{"alt":"人們在丹迪覆著白色鹽殼的海岸彎腰採鹽，潮濕的地面上留下一串腳印。","caption":"1930年4月6日在丹迪違反鹽法，是對殖民統治的公開抗命。","description":null},"de":{"alt":"Menschen sammeln gebückt Salz an Dandis salzverkrustetem Ufer; Fußspuren durchziehen den nassen Boden.","caption":"Der Bruch des Salzgesetzes in Dandi am 6. April 1930 war ein Akt offenen Ungehorsams gegen die Kolonialherrschaft.","description":null}}}],"published_at":"2026-11-06T19:46:42+09:00","updated_at":"2026-11-06T19:46:42+09:00","license":"cc_by","translation_status":"reviewed","available_locales":["ko","en","ja","es"],"data_locales":["ko","en","ja","es","id","pt","zh-hant","de"],"url":"https://injoys.com/en/articles/salt-march-1930-gandhi-background-and-results"}