{"content_id":"vgilwxprz1","slug":"kidney-functions-filtration-mineral-balance","locale":"en","schema_type":"Article","category":"knowledge_base","category_name":"Knowledge Base","title":"Kidney Functions: Filtration and Mineral Balance","summary":"The kidneys remove waste and regulate fluid, mineral, and acid-base balance. They also help control blood pressure, red blood cell production, and bone health, so function cannot be assessed by urine volume alone.","sponsorship_disclosure":null,"affiliate_disclosure":null,"commerce_disclosure":null,"author":{"name":"Injoys Editorial Team","url":"https://injoys.com/ko/about"},"key_points":["Kongpat and sinjang are two names for the same organ: the kidney.","The kidneys filter the blood, then reabsorb needed substances to produce urine.","The kidneys regulate blood acidity as well as fluid and mineral balance.","The kidneys help secrete a hormone that promotes red blood cell production and activate vitamin D.","Kidney health is evaluated using both blood filtration function and albumin in the urine."],"content_markdown":"The kidneys filter waste products from the blood and excrete them in urine. They also regulate water and mineral concentrations to maintain balance within the body. They are involved in blood pressure regulation, red blood cell production, and vitamin D activation. Therefore, passing urine normally does not necessarily mean that the kidneys are healthy.\n\nThe diagnostic values for chronic kidney disease in this article follow the KDIGO clinical practice guideline published in March 2024.\n\n## Are kongpat and sinjang the same organ?\n\nKongpat and sinjang refer to the same organ: the kidney. Most people have a pair located below the ribs on either side of the spine. Urine produced by the kidneys travels through the ureters and collects in the bladder.\n\nThe nephron is the kidney’s basic functional unit. It consists of the glomerulus, which performs filtration, and the tubules, which adjust the composition of the filtered fluid. These two structures work together to regulate the condition of the blood. [NIDDK explanation of kidney function](https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/kidneys-how-they-work)\n\n## Major roles of the kidneys\n\nThe kidneys both excrete waste products and regulate the body’s internal environment. The process of maintaining conditions within the body in a certain range is called homeostasis. Urine production is a result of this regulation.\n\n| Role | What the kidneys do | Problems that may occur when function declines |\n|---|---|---|\n| Waste excretion | Excrete waste products from metabolism in urine | Waste accumulation |\n| Water regulation | Regulate how much water is retained and how much is excreted | Fluid overload and edema |\n| Mineral regulation | Regulate the excretion of sodium, potassium, phosphorus, and other minerals | Electrolyte and mineral imbalances |\n| Blood pressure regulation | Help regulate water and sodium and secrete renin | Difficulty controlling blood pressure |\n| Support for red blood cell production | Secrete erythropoietin, a blood-forming hormone | Anemia |\n| Maintenance of bone health | Activate vitamin D | Mineral and bone metabolism disorders |\n| Acid-base regulation | Help excrete acids produced by the body | Metabolic acidosis |\n\nThese problems do not occur simultaneously in every person with kidney disease. When abnormalities develop depends on the cause and the degree of functional decline. The kidneys’ excretory and endocrine functions are described in [IQWiG’s explanation of the kidneys](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279385/?report=printable).\n\n## How the kidneys filter blood and produce urine\n\nThe kidneys produce final urine by further adjusting substances filtered from the blood. Not everything that is filtered is discarded. Most of the water and nutrients the body needs return to the blood.\n\n1. **Filtration occurs in the glomerulus.** Water and small substances are filtered out of the blood vessels.\n2. **Reabsorption occurs in the tubules.** Substances needed by the body return to the blood.\n3. **Additional secretion occurs in the tubules.** Some waste products, acids, and other substances move into the tubules.\n4. **The remaining substances are excreted.** Final urine travels through the ureters to the bladder.\n\nA normal filtration barrier restricts the passage of blood cells and large proteins. If this barrier is damaged, protein may leak into the urine. This is why urine tests provide different information from blood tests. [NIDDK explanation of kidney function](https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/kidneys-how-they-work)\n\n## Why must mineral excretion be regulated?\n\nMinerals are substances the body needs, so they should not simply be eliminated. The kidneys regulate how much is excreted according to intake and the body’s condition. Blood concentrations are not fixed at a single value but are maintained within a certain range.\n\n| Substance | What it does in the body | What to watch for when the balance is disrupted |\n|---|---|---|\n| Sodium | Helps regulate fluid volume | Excessive intake contributes to fluid retention and increased blood pressure |\n| Potassium | Supports nerve, muscle, and heart activity | Problems may occur if the blood concentration is too high or too low |\n| Phosphorus | Is a component of bone | Accumulation in kidney disease contributes to bone metabolism disorders |\n| Calcium | Is needed for bone formation, muscle activity, and other functions | It is also affected by vitamin D and other hormones |\n\nBlood concentrations are not determined by food intake alone. The kidneys’ ability to excrete substances and the medications being taken also have an effect. Dietary restrictions should be determined according to blood test results. [NIDDK dietary guidance for chronic kidney disease](https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/chronic-kidney-disease-ckd/healthy-eating-adults-chronic-kidney-disease)\n\n## How do the kidneys affect anemia and bone health?\n\nThrough hormones, the kidneys are involved in red blood cell production and bone metabolism. These roles cannot be explained solely by their waste-excretion function. Kidney dysfunction can therefore cause problems beyond changes in urine.\n\n### Red blood cell production and blood-forming hormones\n\nErythropoietin secreted by the kidneys stimulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow. When the kidneys are damaged, production of this hormone may decrease. Red blood cells are produced directly by the bone marrow, not the kidneys.\n\nIron deficiency may also contribute to anemia in chronic kidney disease. Inflammation or bleeding may also be a cause. Therefore, anemia should not be assumed to result solely from a lack of erythropoietin. [NIDDK on anemia in chronic kidney disease](https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/anemia)\n\n### Vitamin D activation and bone metabolism\n\nThe kidneys help convert vitamin D into its active form, calcitriol. Active vitamin D supports calcium absorption and bone metabolism. When kidney function declines, problems with phosphorus excretion may also develop.\n\nThis process is regulated by calcium, phosphorus, and several hormones working together. It is not a problem that can be resolved simply by taking more vitamin D. Supplement use should be determined with a healthcare professional based on test results. [NIDDK on mineral and bone disorder in chronic kidney disease](https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/mineral-bone-disorder)\n\n## An easily overlooked function: regulating blood acidity\n\nThe kidneys help regulate blood acidity by excreting acids produced by the body. Protein metabolism and other processes produce acidic substances. The kidneys process these substances while also helping conserve bicarbonate.\n\nIf this function is insufficient, metabolic acidosis may develop. This condition cannot be identified by the sourness of food or the color of urine. Blood tests and the clinical condition must be evaluated together. [IQWiG explanation of kidney function](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279385/?report=printable), [KDIGO 2024 clinical practice guideline](https://kdigo.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/KDIGO-2024-CKD-Guideline.pdf)\n\n## Which tests assess kidney function?\n\nKidney health is assessed using blood and urine tests together. Early chronic kidney disease may not cause noticeable symptoms. If you have diabetes or high blood pressure, work with your healthcare team to determine when to be tested.\n\n| Test | What it checks | Limitations in interpretation |\n|---|---|---|\n| eGFR, the estimated glomerular filtration rate | Estimates the blood-filtering function | Does not represent every kidney function with a single value |\n| ACR, the urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio | Measures how much albumin is passing into the urine | An abnormal result may require repeat testing and evaluation of the cause |\n| Blood tests for electrolytes, hemoglobin, and other values | Check for mineral imbalances, anemia, and other problems | Do not independently establish the cause of kidney disease |\n\nAlbumin is a type of protein found in the blood. Albuminuria may occur even when eGFR remains relatively preserved. The two tests assess different aspects of kidney health. [NIDDK guidance on kidney disease testing](https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/chronic-kidney-disease-ckd/tests-diagnosis?dkrd=hispt1311)\n\n### Diagnostic criteria for chronic kidney disease\n\nChronic kidney disease is a kidney abnormality that affects health and persists for at least 3 months. The KDIGO 2024 guideline uses abnormalities of kidney structure or function as its basis. In adults, the following findings are used in diagnostic evaluation.\n\n- A glomerular filtration rate less than 60 mL/min/1.73m².\n- Albuminuria with a urine ACR of at least 30 mg/g.\n- Other evidence of kidney damage, such as structural abnormalities identified on imaging.\n\n\u003e Do not assume chronicity based upon a single abnormal level for eGFR and ACR\n\u003e\n\u003e — KDIGO 2024 Clinical Practice Guideline for Chronic Kidney Disease, Practice Point 1.1.3.2\n\nThis means that a chronic condition should not be assumed based on a single abnormal test result. Previous test results, medical history, and other information are used to assess whether the abnormality has persisted. If acute injury is suspected, evaluation should begin without waiting 3 months. [KDIGO 2024 clinical practice guideline](https://kdigo.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/KDIGO-2024-CKD-Guideline.pdf)\n\n## Guidance by condition: diet and fluid management\n\nDiet and fluid management vary according to kidney function and treatment status. Having chronic kidney disease does not mean that all foods must be restricted. Make adjustments based on current test results.\n\n| Current condition | Management considerations |\n|---|---|\n| Early chronic kidney disease | Identify which nutrients actually need to be restricted |\n| High blood potassium | Check the potassium content of foods and salt substitutes |\n| Edema or fluid overload | Determine daily fluid intake with your healthcare team |\n| Chronic kidney disease before dialysis | Adjust protein intake according to nutritional status |\n| Undergoing dialysis | Account for protein loss caused by dialysis |\n\nReducing protein too much can lead to malnutrition. People undergoing dialysis may sometimes need to consume more protein. Check the ingredients of potassium-containing salt substitutes before use. [NIDDK dietary guidance for chronic kidney disease](https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/chronic-kidney-disease-ckd/healthy-eating-adults-chronic-kidney-disease)\n\n## Common mistake: equating urine volume with filtration function\n\nIt is inaccurate to assess kidney function solely by the amount or appearance of urine. The ability to excrete water and the ability to process waste products are not the same measure. Avoid the following interpretations.\n\n| Common interpretation | Correction |\n|---|---|\n| If urine is being produced, the kidneys are normal | Early kidney disease may have no symptoms |\n| All filtered water becomes urine | Most of it is reabsorbed in the tubules |\n| All minerals should be removed | They must be regulated within the range the body needs |\n| The kidneys directly produce red blood cells | Kidney hormones signal the bone marrow to produce them |\n| One test confirms chronic kidney disease | The duration and other evidence must be evaluated together |\n\nThese distinctions connect the way the kidneys work with testing guidelines. In particular, the need for testing should not be ruled out based solely on urine volume. If you have risk factors, discuss whether you need blood and urine tests. [NIDDK testing guidance](https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/chronic-kidney-disease-ckd/tests-diagnosis?dkrd=hispt1311)\n\n## How is declining kidney function treated?\n\nTreatment focuses on managing the cause while reducing functional decline and complications. Not every case of chronic kidney disease progresses rapidly to kidney failure. Managing blood pressure and blood glucose and using appropriate medication can help slow progression.\n\nMedication review is also part of management. Some anti-inflammatory pain relievers can damage the kidneys. Show your healthcare team a list of everything you take, including over-the-counter medications and supplements. [NIDDK guidance on managing chronic kidney disease](https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/chronic-kidney-disease-ckd/managing)\n\n### Comparison of kidney failure treatments\n\nFor kidney failure, treatment options such as dialysis or transplantation are determined individually. Overall health and living circumstances are considered together. Each treatment replaces kidney function in a different way.\n\n| Treatment | How it works | What to know |\n|---|---|---|\n| Hemodialysis | Cleans the blood using a filter outside the body | Replaces some kidney functions |\n| Peritoneal dialysis | Removes waste products using the peritoneum and dialysis fluid | Does not replace every kidney function |\n| Kidney transplant | A donated kidney functions inside the body | Ongoing treatment is still needed after transplantation |\n| Conservative management | Manages symptoms and complications without dialysis or transplantation | Discuss treatment goals thoroughly with your healthcare team |\n\nEven with dialysis, anemia or bone metabolism problems may require separate management. The timing of dialysis is not determined by a single test value. Symptoms and overall condition are evaluated together. [NIDDK guidance on choosing treatment for kidney failure](https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/kidney-failure/choosing-treatment)","content_html":"\u003cp\u003eThe kidneys filter waste products from the blood and excrete them in urine. They also regulate water and mineral concentrations to maintain balance within the body. They are involved in blood pressure regulation, red blood cell production, and vitamin D activation. Therefore, passing urine normally does not necessarily mean that the kidneys are healthy.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe diagnostic values for chronic kidney disease in this article follow the KDIGO clinical practice guideline published in March 2024.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#are-kongpat-and-sinjang-the-same-organ\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"are-kongpat-and-sinjang-the-same-organ\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eAre kongpat and sinjang the same organ?\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKongpat and sinjang refer to the same organ: the kidney. Most people have a pair located below the ribs on either side of the spine. Urine produced by the kidneys travels through the ureters and collects in the bladder.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe nephron is the kidney’s basic functional unit. It consists of the glomerulus, which performs filtration, and the tubules, which adjust the composition of the filtered fluid. These two structures work together to regulate the condition of the blood. \u003ca href=\"https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/kidneys-how-they-work\"\u003eNIDDK explanation of kidney function\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#major-roles-of-the-kidneys\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"major-roles-of-the-kidneys\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eMajor roles of the kidneys\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe kidneys both excrete waste products and regulate the body’s internal environment. The process of maintaining conditions within the body in a certain range is called homeostasis. Urine production is a result of this regulation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"overflow-x-auto\"\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eRole\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eWhat the kidneys do\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eProblems that may occur when function declines\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Role\"\u003eWaste excretion\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"What the kidneys do\"\u003eExcrete waste products from metabolism in urine\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Problems that may occur when function declines\"\u003eWaste accumulation\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Role\"\u003eWater regulation\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"What the kidneys do\"\u003eRegulate how much water is retained and how much is excreted\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Problems that may occur when function declines\"\u003eFluid overload and edema\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Role\"\u003eMineral regulation\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"What the kidneys do\"\u003eRegulate the excretion of sodium, potassium, phosphorus, and other minerals\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Problems that may occur when function declines\"\u003eElectrolyte and mineral imbalances\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Role\"\u003eBlood pressure regulation\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"What the kidneys do\"\u003eHelp regulate water and sodium and secrete renin\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Problems that may occur when function declines\"\u003eDifficulty controlling blood pressure\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Role\"\u003eSupport for red blood cell production\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"What the kidneys do\"\u003eSecrete erythropoietin, a blood-forming hormone\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Problems that may occur when function declines\"\u003eAnemia\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Role\"\u003eMaintenance of bone health\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"What the kidneys do\"\u003eActivate vitamin D\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Problems that may occur when function declines\"\u003eMineral and bone metabolism disorders\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Role\"\u003eAcid-base regulation\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"What the kidneys do\"\u003eHelp excrete acids produced by the body\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Problems that may occur when function declines\"\u003eMetabolic acidosis\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese problems do not occur simultaneously in every person with kidney disease. When abnormalities develop depends on the cause and the degree of functional decline. The kidneys’ excretory and endocrine functions are described in \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279385/?report=printable\"\u003eIQWiG’s explanation of the kidneys\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#how-the-kidneys-filter-blood-and-produce-urine\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"how-the-kidneys-filter-blood-and-produce-urine\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eHow the kidneys filter blood and produce urine\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe kidneys produce final urine by further adjusting substances filtered from the blood. Not everything that is filtered is discarded. Most of the water and nutrients the body needs return to the blood.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eFiltration occurs in the glomerulus.\u003c/strong\u003e Water and small substances are filtered out of the blood vessels.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eReabsorption occurs in the tubules.\u003c/strong\u003e Substances needed by the body return to the blood.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eAdditional secretion occurs in the tubules.\u003c/strong\u003e Some waste products, acids, and other substances move into the tubules.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eThe remaining substances are excreted.\u003c/strong\u003e Final urine travels through the ureters to the bladder.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA normal filtration barrier restricts the passage of blood cells and large proteins. If this barrier is damaged, protein may leak into the urine. This is why urine tests provide different information from blood tests. \u003ca href=\"https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/kidneys-how-they-work\"\u003eNIDDK explanation of kidney function\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#why-must-mineral-excretion-be-regulated\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"why-must-mineral-excretion-be-regulated\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eWhy must mineral excretion be regulated?\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMinerals are substances the body needs, so they should not simply be eliminated. The kidneys regulate how much is excreted according to intake and the body’s condition. Blood concentrations are not fixed at a single value but are maintained within a certain range.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"overflow-x-auto\"\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eSubstance\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eWhat it does in the body\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eWhat to watch for when the balance is disrupted\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Substance\"\u003eSodium\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"What it does in the body\"\u003eHelps regulate fluid volume\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"What to watch for when the balance is disrupted\"\u003eExcessive intake contributes to fluid retention and increased blood pressure\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Substance\"\u003ePotassium\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"What it does in the body\"\u003eSupports nerve, muscle, and heart activity\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"What to watch for when the balance is disrupted\"\u003eProblems may occur if the blood concentration is too high or too low\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Substance\"\u003ePhosphorus\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"What it does in the body\"\u003eIs a component of bone\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"What to watch for when the balance is disrupted\"\u003eAccumulation in kidney disease contributes to bone metabolism disorders\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Substance\"\u003eCalcium\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"What it does in the body\"\u003eIs needed for bone formation, muscle activity, and other functions\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"What to watch for when the balance is disrupted\"\u003eIt is also affected by vitamin D and other hormones\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBlood concentrations are not determined by food intake alone. The kidneys’ ability to excrete substances and the medications being taken also have an effect. Dietary restrictions should be determined according to blood test results. \u003ca href=\"https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/chronic-kidney-disease-ckd/healthy-eating-adults-chronic-kidney-disease\"\u003eNIDDK dietary guidance for chronic kidney disease\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#how-do-the-kidneys-affect-anemia-and-bone-health\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"how-do-the-kidneys-affect-anemia-and-bone-health\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eHow do the kidneys affect anemia and bone health?\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThrough hormones, the kidneys are involved in red blood cell production and bone metabolism. These roles cannot be explained solely by their waste-excretion function. Kidney dysfunction can therefore cause problems beyond changes in urine.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#red-blood-cell-production-and-blood-forming-hormones\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"red-blood-cell-production-and-blood-forming-hormones\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eRed blood cell production and blood-forming hormones\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eErythropoietin secreted by the kidneys stimulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow. When the kidneys are damaged, production of this hormone may decrease. Red blood cells are produced directly by the bone marrow, not the kidneys.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIron deficiency may also contribute to anemia in chronic kidney disease. Inflammation or bleeding may also be a cause. Therefore, anemia should not be assumed to result solely from a lack of erythropoietin. \u003ca href=\"https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/anemia\"\u003eNIDDK on anemia in chronic kidney disease\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#vitamin-d-activation-and-bone-metabolism\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"vitamin-d-activation-and-bone-metabolism\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eVitamin D activation and bone metabolism\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe kidneys help convert vitamin D into its active form, calcitriol. Active vitamin D supports calcium absorption and bone metabolism. When kidney function declines, problems with phosphorus excretion may also develop.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis process is regulated by calcium, phosphorus, and several hormones working together. It is not a problem that can be resolved simply by taking more vitamin D. Supplement use should be determined with a healthcare professional based on test results. \u003ca href=\"https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/mineral-bone-disorder\"\u003eNIDDK on mineral and bone disorder in chronic kidney disease\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#an-easily-overlooked-function-regulating-blood-acidity\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"an-easily-overlooked-function-regulating-blood-acidity\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eAn easily overlooked function: regulating blood acidity\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe kidneys help regulate blood acidity by excreting acids produced by the body. Protein metabolism and other processes produce acidic substances. The kidneys process these substances while also helping conserve bicarbonate.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIf this function is insufficient, metabolic acidosis may develop. This condition cannot be identified by the sourness of food or the color of urine. Blood tests and the clinical condition must be evaluated together. \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279385/?report=printable\"\u003eIQWiG explanation of kidney function\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https://kdigo.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/KDIGO-2024-CKD-Guideline.pdf\"\u003eKDIGO 2024 clinical practice guideline\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#which-tests-assess-kidney-function\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"which-tests-assess-kidney-function\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eWhich tests assess kidney function?\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKidney health is assessed using blood and urine tests together. Early chronic kidney disease may not cause noticeable symptoms. If you have diabetes or high blood pressure, work with your healthcare team to determine when to be tested.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"overflow-x-auto\"\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eTest\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eWhat it checks\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eLimitations in interpretation\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Test\"\u003eeGFR, the estimated glomerular filtration rate\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"What it checks\"\u003eEstimates the blood-filtering function\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Limitations in interpretation\"\u003eDoes not represent every kidney function with a single value\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Test\"\u003eACR, the urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"What it checks\"\u003eMeasures how much albumin is passing into the urine\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Limitations in interpretation\"\u003eAn abnormal result may require repeat testing and evaluation of the cause\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Test\"\u003eBlood tests for electrolytes, hemoglobin, and other values\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"What it checks\"\u003eCheck for mineral imbalances, anemia, and other problems\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Limitations in interpretation\"\u003eDo not independently establish the cause of kidney disease\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlbumin is a type of protein found in the blood. Albuminuria may occur even when eGFR remains relatively preserved. The two tests assess different aspects of kidney health. \u003ca href=\"https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/chronic-kidney-disease-ckd/tests-diagnosis?dkrd=hispt1311\"\u003eNIDDK guidance on kidney disease testing\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#diagnostic-criteria-for-chronic-kidney-disease\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"diagnostic-criteria-for-chronic-kidney-disease\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eDiagnostic criteria for chronic kidney disease\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eChronic kidney disease is a kidney abnormality that affects health and persists for at least 3 months. The KDIGO 2024 guideline uses abnormalities of kidney structure or function as its basis. In adults, the following findings are used in diagnostic evaluation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eA glomerular filtration rate less than 60 mL/min/1.73m².\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAlbuminuria with a urine ACR of at least 30 mg/g.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOther evidence of kidney damage, such as structural abnormalities identified on imaging.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDo not assume chronicity based upon a single abnormal level for eGFR and ACR\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e— KDIGO 2024 Clinical Practice Guideline for Chronic Kidney Disease, Practice Point 1.1.3.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis means that a chronic condition should not be assumed based on a single abnormal test result. Previous test results, medical history, and other information are used to assess whether the abnormality has persisted. If acute injury is suspected, evaluation should begin without waiting 3 months. \u003ca href=\"https://kdigo.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/KDIGO-2024-CKD-Guideline.pdf\"\u003eKDIGO 2024 clinical practice guideline\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#guidance-by-condition-diet-and-fluid-management\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"guidance-by-condition-diet-and-fluid-management\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eGuidance by condition: diet and fluid management\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDiet and fluid management vary according to kidney function and treatment status. Having chronic kidney disease does not mean that all foods must be restricted. Make adjustments based on current test results.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"overflow-x-auto\"\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eCurrent condition\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eManagement considerations\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Current condition\"\u003eEarly chronic kidney disease\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Management considerations\"\u003eIdentify which nutrients actually need to be restricted\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Current condition\"\u003eHigh blood potassium\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Management considerations\"\u003eCheck the potassium content of foods and salt substitutes\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Current condition\"\u003eEdema or fluid overload\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Management considerations\"\u003eDetermine daily fluid intake with your healthcare team\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Current condition\"\u003eChronic kidney disease before dialysis\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Management considerations\"\u003eAdjust protein intake according to nutritional status\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Current condition\"\u003eUndergoing dialysis\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Management considerations\"\u003eAccount for protein loss caused by dialysis\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eReducing protein too much can lead to malnutrition. People undergoing dialysis may sometimes need to consume more protein. Check the ingredients of potassium-containing salt substitutes before use. \u003ca href=\"https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/chronic-kidney-disease-ckd/healthy-eating-adults-chronic-kidney-disease\"\u003eNIDDK dietary guidance for chronic kidney disease\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#common-mistake-equating-urine-volume-with-filtration-function\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"common-mistake-equating-urine-volume-with-filtration-function\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eCommon mistake: equating urine volume with filtration function\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt is inaccurate to assess kidney function solely by the amount or appearance of urine. The ability to excrete water and the ability to process waste products are not the same measure. Avoid the following interpretations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"overflow-x-auto\"\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eCommon interpretation\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eCorrection\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Common interpretation\"\u003eIf urine is being produced, the kidneys are normal\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Correction\"\u003eEarly kidney disease may have no symptoms\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Common interpretation\"\u003eAll filtered water becomes urine\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Correction\"\u003eMost of it is reabsorbed in the tubules\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Common interpretation\"\u003eAll minerals should be removed\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Correction\"\u003eThey must be regulated within the range the body needs\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Common interpretation\"\u003eThe kidneys directly produce red blood cells\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Correction\"\u003eKidney hormones signal the bone marrow to produce them\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Common interpretation\"\u003eOne test confirms chronic kidney disease\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Correction\"\u003eThe duration and other evidence must be evaluated together\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese distinctions connect the way the kidneys work with testing guidelines. In particular, the need for testing should not be ruled out based solely on urine volume. If you have risk factors, discuss whether you need blood and urine tests. \u003ca href=\"https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/chronic-kidney-disease-ckd/tests-diagnosis?dkrd=hispt1311\"\u003eNIDDK testing guidance\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#how-is-declining-kidney-function-treated\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"how-is-declining-kidney-function-treated\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eHow is declining kidney function treated?\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTreatment focuses on managing the cause while reducing functional decline and complications. Not every case of chronic kidney disease progresses rapidly to kidney failure. Managing blood pressure and blood glucose and using appropriate medication can help slow progression.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMedication review is also part of management. Some anti-inflammatory pain relievers can damage the kidneys. Show your healthcare team a list of everything you take, including over-the-counter medications and supplements. \u003ca href=\"https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/chronic-kidney-disease-ckd/managing\"\u003eNIDDK guidance on managing chronic kidney disease\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"#comparison-of-kidney-failure-treatments\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"comparison-of-kidney-failure-treatments\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eComparison of kidney failure treatments\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor kidney failure, treatment options such as dialysis or transplantation are determined individually. Overall health and living circumstances are considered together. Each treatment replaces kidney function in a different way.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"overflow-x-auto\"\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eTreatment\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eHow it works\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eWhat to know\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Treatment\"\u003eHemodialysis\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"How it works\"\u003eCleans the blood using a filter outside the body\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"What to know\"\u003eReplaces some kidney functions\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Treatment\"\u003ePeritoneal dialysis\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"How it works\"\u003eRemoves waste products using the peritoneum and dialysis fluid\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"What to know\"\u003eDoes not replace every kidney function\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Treatment\"\u003eKidney transplant\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"How it works\"\u003eA donated kidney functions inside the body\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"What to know\"\u003eOngoing treatment is still needed after transplantation\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"Treatment\"\u003eConservative management\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"How it works\"\u003eManages symptoms and complications without dialysis or transplantation\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-label=\"What to know\"\u003eDiscuss treatment goals thoroughly with your healthcare team\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEven with dialysis, anemia or bone metabolism problems may require separate management. The timing of dialysis is not determined by a single test value. Symptoms and overall condition are evaluated together. \u003ca href=\"https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/kidney-failure/choosing-treatment\"\u003eNIDDK guidance on choosing treatment for kidney failure\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","tags":["Kidney health","Chronic kidney disease","Dialysis","Health Screening","Kidney function","Eating habits"],"faqs":[{"question":"Are the kidneys and the renal organs different organs?","answer":"They are the same organs. The kidneys remove waste products from the blood and regulate the balance of water and minerals in the body."},{"question":"Do the kidneys only make urine?","answer":"They also help regulate the acidity of the blood. They also regulate blood pressure and support red blood cell production. They activate vitamin D to support bone metabolism."},{"question":"Does all the water filtered from the blood become urine?","answer":"Most of the water returns to the blood through the renal tubules. Necessary nutrients and minerals are also reabsorbed. The remaining water and waste products become the final urine."},{"question":"If I urinate normally, does that mean my kidneys are functioning normally?","answer":"Kidney function cannot be determined from urine volume alone. Early-stage chronic kidney disease may have no symptoms. It is assessed by testing filtration function and urine albumin."},{"question":"Why does reduced kidney function cause anemia?","answer":"Because the kidneys may produce less of the hormone that stimulates blood cell production. This hormone stimulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow. Iron deficiency or inflammation may also contribute to anemia."},{"question":"Do I always need to reduce potassium intake if I have kidney disease?","answer":"Potassium intake should be determined based on blood test results and treatment status. Blood potassium levels can cause problems if they are either too high or too low. Consult your healthcare provider before restricting it on your own."},{"question":"Does drinking a lot of water improve kidney function?","answer":"Increasing water intake is not appropriate for everyone. Fluid intake needs to be adjusted according to kidney function and fluid status. If you have edema or are undergoing dialysis, confirm the appropriate intake separately."},{"question":"Does one abnormal test result mean I have chronic kidney disease?","answer":"Chronicity is not determined based on a single abnormal result. The KDIGO 2024 guideline recommends assessing whether it persists for at least 3 months. Immediate evaluation may be necessary if acute injury is suspected."},{"question":"Should I eat less protein if I have kidney disease?","answer":"Protein intake varies depending on kidney function and nutritional status. During dialysis, losses may need to be replenished. Excessive restriction may cause malnutrition."},{"question":"Does dialysis replace all kidney functions?","answer":"Dialysis replaces some kidney functions. It helps remove waste products and excess fluid. Anemia and bone metabolism disorders may require separate treatment."}],"sources":[{"url":"https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/kidneys-how-they-work","title":"NIDDK — Your Kidneys \u0026 How They Work","type":"source"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279385/?report=printable","title":"IQWiG InformedHealth.org — In brief: How do the kidneys work?","type":"source"},{"url":"https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/anemia","title":"NIDDK — Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease","type":"source"},{"url":"https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/mineral-bone-disorder","title":"NIDDK — Mineral \u0026 Bone Disorder in Chronic Kidney Disease","type":"source"},{"url":"https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/chronic-kidney-disease-ckd/tests-diagnosis?dkrd=hispt1311","title":"NIDDK — Chronic Kidney Disease Tests \u0026 Diagnosis","type":"source"},{"url":"https://kdigo.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/KDIGO-2024-CKD-Guideline.pdf","title":"KDIGO 2024 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease","type":"data_point"},{"url":"https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/chronic-kidney-disease-ckd/healthy-eating-adults-chronic-kidney-disease","title":"NIDDK — Healthy Eating for Adults with Chronic Kidney Disease","type":"source"},{"url":"https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/chronic-kidney-disease-ckd/managing","title":"NIDDK — Managing Chronic Kidney Disease","type":"source"},{"url":"https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/kidney-failure/choosing-treatment","title":"NIDDK — Choosing a Treatment for Kidney Failure","type":"source"}],"images":[{"id":1334,"url":"https://injoys.com/rails/active_storage/blobs/proxy/eyJfcmFpbHMiOnsiZGF0YSI6MTkxMzgsInB1ciI6ImJsb2JfaWQifX0=--3b3468e4a94eb9182e0e68446e8c45cc62a2cbaa/ai-56334ace.webp","is_representative":true,"generation_method":"ai_photo","license":"ai_generated","mime_type":"image/webp","width":1536,"height":1024,"translations":{"ko":{"alt":"진료실에서 팔에 지혈대를 맨 환자와 채혈을 준비하는 의료진, 검사대 위 소변·혈액 검체","caption":"의료진이 콩팥 기능 검사에 쓰이는 혈액과 소변 검체를 준비하고 있다.","description":null},"en":{"alt":"Clinician preparing to draw blood from a patient beside urine and blood samples on a tray","caption":"Blood and urine samples can be used to assess kidney function.","description":null},"ja":{"alt":"診察室で駆血帯を巻いた患者と採血を準備する医療従事者、トレー上の尿・血液検体","caption":"医療従事者が腎機能検査に用いる血液と尿の検体を準備している。","description":null},"es":{"alt":"Profesional sanitaria preparando una extracción de sangre junto a muestras de orina y sangre","caption":"Las muestras de sangre y orina pueden utilizarse para evaluar la función renal.","description":null},"id":{"alt":"Tenaga medis menyiapkan pengambilan darah pasien di samping sampel urine dan darah","caption":"Sampel darah dan urine dapat digunakan untuk menilai fungsi ginjal.","description":null},"pt":{"alt":"Profissional de saúde preparando coleta de sangue ao lado de amostras de urina e sangue","caption":"Amostras de sangue e urina podem ser usadas para avaliar a função renal.","description":null},"zh-hant":{"alt":"診間內，醫護人員為綁著止血帶的患者準備抽血，托盤上放有尿液與血液檢體","caption":"醫護人員正準備用於評估腎功能的血液與尿液檢體。","description":null},"de":{"alt":"Medizinische Fachkraft bereitet Blutabnahme vor, daneben Urin- und Blutproben auf einem Tablett","caption":"Blut- und Urinproben können zur Beurteilung der Nierenfunktion verwendet werden.","description":null}}},{"id":1335,"url":"https://injoys.com/rails/active_storage/blobs/proxy/eyJfcmFpbHMiOnsiZGF0YSI6MTkxNDQsInB1ciI6ImJsb2JfaWQifX0=--334c6b5f180aebc9b616eb9f3f7c251a018e5d0d/ai-9f81fa8f.webp","is_representative":false,"generation_method":"ai_semi","license":"ai_generated","mime_type":"image/webp","width":1536,"height":1024,"translations":{"ko":{"alt":"의사가 환자에게 혈액·소변 검체와 콩팥 여과 도식을 설명하는 진료 장면","caption":"의사가 콩팥의 여과와 체액 조절 기능을 환자에게 설명하고 있다.","description":null},"en":{"alt":"Doctor explaining blood and urine samples beside a kidney filtration diagram","caption":"A doctor discusses kidney filtration and fluid regulation with a patient.","description":null},"ja":{"alt":"腎臓のろ過図を示しながら血液と尿の検体を患者に説明する医師","caption":"医師が患者に腎臓のろ過と体液調節の働きを説明している。","description":null},"es":{"alt":"Médica explica muestras de sangre y orina junto a un diagrama de filtración renal","caption":"La médica explica al paciente la filtración renal y la regulación de líquidos.","description":null},"id":{"alt":"Dokter menjelaskan sampel darah dan urine di samping diagram penyaringan ginjal","caption":"Dokter menjelaskan penyaringan ginjal dan pengaturan cairan kepada pasien.","description":null},"pt":{"alt":"Médica explica amostras de sangue e urina ao lado de um diagrama de filtração renal","caption":"A médica explica ao paciente a filtração renal e a regulação de líquidos.","description":null},"zh-hant":{"alt":"醫師拿著血液與尿液檢體，向病人說明腎臟過濾示意圖","caption":"醫師向病人解釋腎臟的過濾與體液調節功能。","description":null},"de":{"alt":"Ärztin erklärt Blut- und Urinproben neben einer Grafik zur Nierenfiltration","caption":"Die Ärztin erläutert dem Patienten die Nierenfiltration und Flüssigkeitsregulation.","description":null}}}],"published_at":"2026-09-16T22:16:57+09:00","updated_at":"2026-09-16T22:16:57+09:00","license":"cc_by","translation_status":"reviewed","available_locales":["ko","en","ja","es"],"data_locales":["ko","en","ja","es","id","pt","zh-hant","de"],"url":"https://injoys.com/en/articles/kidney-functions-filtration-mineral-balance"}